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With over forty chapters, written by leading scholars, this comprehensive volume represents the best work in America, Europe and Asia. Geographical diversity of the authors is reflected in the different perspectives devoted to the subject, and all major disciplinary developments are covered. There are also sections concerning the countries that have made the most significant contributions, the relationship between science and industry, the importance of instrumentation, and the cultural influence of scientific modes of thought. Students and professionals will come to appreciate how, and why, science has developed - as with any other human activity, it is subject to the dynamics of society and politics.
With over forty chapters, written by leading scholars, this
comprehensive volume represents the best work in America, Europe,
and Asia. Geographical diversity of the authors is reflected in the
different perspectives devoted to the subject, and all major
disciplinary developments are covered.
There are also sections concerning the countries that have made the
most significant contributions, the relationship between science
and industry, the importance of instrumentation, and the cultural
influence of scientific modes of thought. Students and
professionals will come to appreciate how, and why, science has
developed - as with any other human activity, it is subject to the
dynamics of society and politics.
This substantial, authoritative volume offers incisive and well-researched writings in the field of science and demonstrates the accomplishments of science itself. It aims to provide an insight into how new organizations, enormously increased funding, refined laboratory procedures, new technology and warfare have decisively shaped how science is practiced today.;With over 40 chapters, written by leading scholars, this comprehensive text represents work in America, Europe and Asia. Geographical diversity of the authors is reflected in the different perspectives devoted to the subject, and all major disciplinary developments are covered. There are also sections concerning the countries that have made significant contributions, the relationship between science and industry, the importance of instrumentation, and the cultural influence of scientific modes of thoughts.
With over forty chapters, written by leading scholars, this
comprehensive volume represents the best work in America, Europe
and Asia. Geographical diversity of the authors is reflected in the
different perspectives devoted to the subject, and all major
disciplinary developments are covered. There are also sections
concerning the countries that have made the most significant
contributions, the relationship between science and industry, the
importance of instrumentation, and the cultural influence of
scientific modes of thought. Students and professionals will come
to appreciate how, and why, science has developed - as with any
other human activity, it is subject to the dynamics of society and
politics.
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration is typically
thought of in national terms - as an American initiative developed
specifically to compete with the Soviet Union. Yet, from its
inception, NASA was mandated not only to sustain US leadership in
space, but also to pursue international collaboration. Since that
time, it has participated in over four thousand international
projects. Drawing on unprecedented access to agency archives and
personnel, this definitive study explores US-Soviet cooperation
during the darkest days of the Cold War, relations with Western
Europe, India, and Japan, the development of the International
Space Station, and many other aspects of scientific and
technological collaboration, making it a signal contribution to
space studies and international diplomatic history.
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration is typically
thought of in national terms - as an American initiative developed
specifically to compete with the Soviet Union. Yet, from its
inception, NASA was mandated not only to sustain US leadership in
space, but also to pursue international collaboration. Since that
time, it has participated in over four thousand international
projects. Drawing on unprecedented access to agency archives and
personnel, this definitive study explores US-Soviet cooperation
during the darkest days of the Cold War, relations with Western
Europe, India, and Japan, the development of the International
Space Station, and many other aspects of scientific and
technological collaboration, making it a signal contribution to
space studies and international diplomatic history.
A transnational approach to understanding and analyzing knowledge
circulation. The contributors to this collection focus on what
happens to knowledge and know-how at national borders. Rather than
treating it as flowing like currents across them, or diffusing out
from center to periphery, they stress the human intervention that
shapes how knowledge is processed, mobilized, and repurposed in
transnational transactions to serve diverse interests, constraints,
and environments. The chapters consider both what knowledge travels
and how it travels across borders of varying permeability that
impede or facilitate its movement. They look closely at a variety
of platforms and objects of knowledge, from tangible
commodities-like hybrid wheat seeds, penicillin, Robusta coffee,
naval weaponry, seed banks, satellites and high-performance
computers-to the more conceptual apparatuses of plant phenotype
data and statistics. Moreover, this volume decenters the Global
North, tracking how knowledge moves along multiple paths across the
borders of Mexico, India, Portugal, Guinea-Bissau, the Soviet
Union, China, Angola, Palestine and the West Bank, as well as the
United States and the United Kingdom. An important new work of
transnational history, this collection recasts the way we
understand and analyze knowledge circulation.
A transnational approach to understanding and analyzing knowledge
circulation. The contributors to this collection focus on what
happens to knowledge and know-how at national borders. Rather than
treating it as flowing like currents across them, or diffusing out
from center to periphery, they stress the human intervention that
shapes how knowledge is processed, mobilized, and repurposed in
transnational transactions to serve diverse interests, constraints,
and environments. The chapters consider both what knowledge travels
and how it travels across borders of varying permeability that
impede or facilitate its movement. They look closely at a variety
of platforms and objects of knowledge, from tangible
commodities-like hybrid wheat seeds, penicillin, Robusta coffee,
naval weaponry, seed banks, satellites and high-performance
computers-to the more conceptual apparatuses of plant phenotype
data and statistics. Moreover, this volume decenters the Global
North, tracking how knowledge moves along multiple paths across the
borders of Mexico, India, Portugal, Guinea-Bissau, the Soviet
Union, China, Angola, Palestine and the West Bank, as well as the
United States and the United Kingdom. An important new work of
transnational history, this collection recasts the way we
understand and analyze knowledge circulation.
The first historical study of export control regulations as a tool
for the sharing and withholding of knowledge. In this
groundbreaking book, Mario Daniels and John Krige set out to show
the enormous political relevance that export control regulations
have had for American debates about national security, foreign
policy, and trade policy since 1945. Indeed, they argue that from
the 1940s to today the issue of how to control the transnational
movement of information has been central to the thinking and
actions of the guardians of the American national security state.
The expansion of control over knowledge and know-how is apparent
from the increasingly systematic inclusion of universities and
research institutions into a system that in the 1950s and 1960s
mainly targeted business activities. As this book vividly reveals,
classification was not the only-and not even the most
important-regulatory instrument that came into being in the postwar
era.
The first historical study of export control regulations as a tool
for the sharing and withholding of knowledge. In this
groundbreaking book, Mario Daniels and John Krige set out to show
the enormous political relevance that export control regulations
have had for American debates about national security, foreign
policy, and trade policy since 1945. Indeed, they argue that from
the 1940s to today the issue of how to control the transnational
movement of information has been central to the thinking and
actions of the guardians of the American national security state.
The expansion of control over knowledge and know-how is apparent
from the increasingly systematic inclusion of universities and
research institutions into a system that in the 1950s and 1960s
mainly targeted business activities. As this book vividly reveals,
classification was not the only-and not even the most
important-regulatory instrument that came into being in the postwar
era.
English summary: This volume studies the links between politics and
science during the 20th century, based on the example of the large
US foundations. If the 20th century can be regarded in many ways as
the American Century, then the large US foundations such as
Carnegie, Rockefeller and Ford played a major role in this
development. And yet they weren't simply stooges for official US
power politics. The circumstances surrounding their actions were
much more complicated and made great demands of the philanthropy of
the day. This volume with articles in English and German shows the
course of US philanthropy in Europe in the time between the world
wars and following World War II; it demonstrates how Europe became
the setting for continually new versions of the postwar political
and scientific landscape. German text. German description: Wenn das
20. Jahrhundert in vielerlei Hinsicht als American Century gelten
darf, dann haben die grossen US-amerikanischen Stiftungen wie
Carnegie, Rockefeller und Ford einen erheblichen Anteil daran.
Deren globale Netzwerke wurden zu begehrten Instrumenten, um
amerikanische Ideen und Werte nach aussen zu tragen. Handelte es
sich bei den Stiftungen also nur um Handlanger des
US-amerikanischen Vorherrschaftsanspruchs? Ihre selbst gewahlte
Mission und die kritischen Erwartungen ihrer Forderkandidaten und
Partner vor Ort stellten ungleich subtilere Anspruche an das
philanthropische Geschaft. Dieser zweisprachige Band zeigt, wie die
US-Philanthropie vor allem im Zwischen- und Nachkriegseuropa zu
einem politischen Schauplatz standig ausgehandelter Wissens- und
Ordnungsvorstellungen wurde.
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