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This Brief describes and analyzes flow and heat transport over a
liquid-saturated porous bed. The porous bed is saturated by a
liquid layer and heating takes place from a section of the bottom.
The effect on flow patterns of heating from the bottom is shown by
calculation, and when the heating is sufficiently strong, the flow
is affected through the porous and upper liquid layers.
Measurements of the heat transfer rate from the heated section
confirm calculations. General heat transfer laws are developed for
varying porous bed depths for applications to process industry
needs, environmental sciences, and materials processing. Addressing
a topic of considerable interest to the research community, the
brief features an up-to-date literature review of mixed convection
energy transport in fluid superposed porous layers.
Was there a conservative Enlightenment? Could a self-proclaimed man
of learning and progressive science also have been an agent of
monarchy and reaction? Cadwallader Colden (1688-1776), an educated
Scottish emigrant and powerful colonial politician, was at the
forefront of American intellectual culture in the mid-eighteenth
century. While living in rural New York, he recruited family,
friends, servants, and slaves into multiple scientific ventures and
built a transatlantic network of contacts and correspondents that
included Benjamin Franklin and Carl Linnaeus. Over several decades,
Colden pioneered colonial botany, produced new theories of animal
and human physiology, authored an influential history of the
Iroquois, and developed bold new principles of physics and an
engaging explanation of the cause of gravity.The Enlightenment of
Cadwallader Colden traces the life and ideas of this fascinating
and controversial "gentleman-scholar." John M. Dixon's lively and
accessible account explores the overlapping ideological, social,
and political worlds of this earliest of New York intellectuals.
Colden and other learned colonials used intellectual practices to
assert their gentility and establish their social and political
superiority, but their elitist claims to cultural authority
remained flimsy and open to widespread local derision. Although
Colden, who governed New York as an unpopular Crown loyalist during
the imperial crises of the 1760s and 1770s, was brutally lampooned
by the New York press, his scientific work, which was published in
Europe, raised the international profile of American
intellectualism.
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