For humans, understanding a natural language sentence or discourse is so effortless that we hardly ever think about it. For machines, however, the task of interpreting natural language, especially grasping meaning beyond the literal content, has proven extremely difficult and requires a large amount of background knowledge. This book focuses on the interpretation of natural language with respect to specific domain knowledge captured in ontologies. The main contribution is an approach that puts ontologies at the center of the interpretation process. This means that ontologies not only provide a formalization of domain knowledge necessary for interpretation but also support and guide the construction of meaning representations. We start with an introduction to ontologies and demonstrate how linguistic information can be attached to them by means of the ontology lexicon model lemon. These lexica then serve as basis for the automatic generation of grammars, which we use to compositionally construct meaning representations that conform with the vocabulary of an underlying ontology. As a result, the level of representational granularity is not driven by language but by the semantic distinctions made in the underlying ontology and thus by distinctions that are relevant in the context of a particular domain. We highlight some of the challenges involved in the construction of ontology-based meaning representations, and show how ontologies can be exploited for ambiguity resolution and the interpretation of temporal expressions. Finally, we present a question answering system that combines all tools and techniques introduced throughout the book in a real-world application, and sketch how the presented approach can scale to larger, multi-domain scenarios in the context of the Semantic Web. Table of Contents: List of Figures / Preface / Acknowledgments / Introduction / Ontologies / Linguistic Formalisms / Ontology Lexica / Grammar Generation / Putting Everything Together / Ontological Reasoning for Ambiguity Resolution / Temporal Interpretation / Ontology-Based Interpretation for Question Answering / Conclusion / Bibliography / Authors' Biographies

This Is A New Release Of The Original 1919 Edition.

""John McCrae, physician, soldier, and poet, died in France a Lieutenant-Colonel with the Canadian forces. The poem which gives this collection of his lovely verse its name has been extensively reprinted, and received with unusual enthusiasm. The volume contains, as well, a striking essay in character by his friend, Sir Andrew Macphail."" This book is part of the World War One Centenary series; creating, collating and reprinting new and old works of poetry, fiction, autobiography and analysis. The series forms a commemorative tribute to mark the passing of one of the world's bloodiest wars, offering new perspectives on this tragic yet fascinating period of human history. Each publication also includes brand new introductory essays and a timeline to help the reader place the work in its historical context.

This Is A New Release Of The Original 1919 Edition.

1919. Canadian physician and poet, McCrae served as an army medical officer from 1914 until his death in France. His most famous poem is the inspirational In Flanders Fields, the title piece of this collection of his verse. Contents: In Flanders Fields; The Anxious Dead; The Warrior; Isandlwana; The Unconquered Dead; The Captain; The Song of the Derelict; Quebec; Then and Now; Unsolved; The Hope of My Heart; Penance; Slumber Songs; The Oldest Drama; Recompense; Mine Host; Equality; Anarchy; Disarmament; The Dead Master; The Harvest of the Sea; The Dying of Pere Pierre; Eventide; Upon Watts' Picture Sic Transit; A Song of Comfort; The Pilgrims; The Shadow of the Cross; The Night Cometh; In Due Season; and an essay in character of John McCrae by Sir Andrew Macphail.

This book is part of the TREDITION CLASSICS series. The creators of this series are united by passion for literature and driven by the intention of making all public domain books available in printed format again - worldwide. At tredition we believe that a great book never goes out of style. Several mostly non-profit literature projects provide content to tredition. To support their good work, tredition donates a portion of the proceeds from each sold copy. As a reader of a TREDITION CLASSICS book, you support our mission to save many of the amazing works of world literature from oblivion.

1919. Canadian physician and poet, McCrae served as an army medical officer from 1914 until his death in France. His most famous poem is the inspirational In Flanders Fields, the title piece of this collection of his verse. Contents: In Flanders Fields; The Anxious Dead; The Warrior; Isandlwana; The Unconquered Dead; The Captain; The Song of the Derelict; Quebec; Then and Now; Unsolved; The Hope of My Heart; Penance; Slumber Songs; The Oldest Drama; Recompense; Mine Host; Equality; Anarchy; Disarmament; The Dead Master; The Harvest of the Sea; The Dying of Pere Pierre; Eventide; Upon Watts' Picture Sic Transit; A Song of Comfort; The Pilgrims; The Shadow of the Cross; The Night Cometh; In Due Season; and an essay in character of John McCrae by Sir Andrew Macphail.

John Alexander McCrae (1872 - 1918) was a Canadian poet, physician, author, artist and soldier during World War I. He is best known for writing the famous war poem In Flanders Fields. In Flanders Fields has been labeled the most popular poem written during World War 1. McCrae wrote this poem in 1915 the day after his friend, Lieutenant Alexis Helmer died. The poppies referred to in the poem grew in abundance in Flanders Field where many war casualties had been buried. Now the poppy is a symbol of remembrance.

1919. Canadian physician and poet, McCrae served as an army medical officer from 1914 until his death in France. His most famous poem is the inspirational In Flanders Fields, the title piece of this collection of his verse. Contents: In Flanders Fields; The Anxious Dead; The Warrior; Isandlwana; The Unconquered Dead; The Captain; The Song of the Derelict; Quebec; Then and Now; Unsolved; The Hope of My Heart; Penance; Slumber Songs; The Oldest Drama; Recompense; Mine Host; Equality; Anarchy; Disarmament; The Dead Master; The Harvest of the Sea; The Dying of Pere Pierre; Eventide; Upon Watts' Picture Sic Transit; A Song of Comfort; The Pilgrims; The Shadow of the Cross; The Night Cometh; In Due Season; and an essay in character of John McCrae by Sir Andrew Macphail.