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For humans, understanding a natural language sentence or discourse
is so effortless that we hardly ever think about it. For machines,
however, the task of interpreting natural language, especially
grasping meaning beyond the literal content, has proven extremely
difficult and requires a large amount of background knowledge. This
book focuses on the interpretation of natural language with respect
to specific domain knowledge captured in ontologies. The main
contribution is an approach that puts ontologies at the center of
the interpretation process. This means that ontologies not only
provide a formalization of domain knowledge necessary for
interpretation but also support and guide the construction of
meaning representations. We start with an introduction to
ontologies and demonstrate how linguistic information can be
attached to them by means of the ontology lexicon model lemon.
These lexica then serve as basis for the automatic generation of
grammars, which we use to compositionally construct meaning
representations that conform with the vocabulary of an underlying
ontology. As a result, the level of representational granularity is
not driven by language but by the semantic distinctions made in the
underlying ontology and thus by distinctions that are relevant in
the context of a particular domain. We highlight some of the
challenges involved in the construction of ontology-based meaning
representations, and show how ontologies can be exploited for
ambiguity resolution and the interpretation of temporal
expressions. Finally, we present a question answering system that
combines all tools and techniques introduced throughout the book in
a real-world application, and sketch how the presented approach can
scale to larger, multi-domain scenarios in the context of the
Semantic Web. Table of Contents: List of Figures / Preface /
Acknowledgments / Introduction / Ontologies / Linguistic Formalisms
/ Ontology Lexica / Grammar Generation / Putting Everything
Together / Ontological Reasoning for Ambiguity Resolution /
Temporal Interpretation / Ontology-Based Interpretation for
Question Answering / Conclusion / Bibliography / Authors'
Biographies
This Is A New Release Of The Original 1919 Edition.
""John McCrae, physician, soldier, and poet, died in France a
Lieutenant-Colonel with the Canadian forces. The poem which gives
this collection of his lovely verse its name has been extensively
reprinted, and received with unusual enthusiasm. The volume
contains, as well, a striking essay in character by his friend, Sir
Andrew Macphail."" This book is part of the World War One Centenary
series; creating, collating and reprinting new and old works of
poetry, fiction, autobiography and analysis. The series forms a
commemorative tribute to mark the passing of one of the world's
bloodiest wars, offering new perspectives on this tragic yet
fascinating period of human history. Each publication also includes
brand new introductory essays and a timeline to help the reader
place the work in its historical context.
This collection of literature attempts to compile many of the
classic, timeless works that have stood the test of time and offer
them at a reduced, affordable price, in an attractive volume so
that everyone can enjoy them.
This Is A New Release Of The Original 1919 Edition.
1919. Canadian physician and poet, McCrae served as an army medical
officer from 1914 until his death in France. His most famous poem
is the inspirational In Flanders Fields, the title piece of this
collection of his verse. Contents: In Flanders Fields; The Anxious
Dead; The Warrior; Isandlwana; The Unconquered Dead; The Captain;
The Song of the Derelict; Quebec; Then and Now; Unsolved; The Hope
of My Heart; Penance; Slumber Songs; The Oldest Drama; Recompense;
Mine Host; Equality; Anarchy; Disarmament; The Dead Master; The
Harvest of the Sea; The Dying of Pere Pierre; Eventide; Upon Watts'
Picture Sic Transit; A Song of Comfort; The Pilgrims; The Shadow of
the Cross; The Night Cometh; In Due Season; and an essay in
character of John McCrae by Sir Andrew Macphail.
This book is part of the TREDITION CLASSICS series. The creators of
this series are united by passion for literature and driven by the
intention of making all public domain books available in printed
format again - worldwide. At tredition we believe that a great book
never goes out of style. Several mostly non-profit literature
projects provide content to tredition. To support their good work,
tredition donates a portion of the proceeds from each sold copy. As
a reader of a TREDITION CLASSICS book, you support our mission to
save many of the amazing works of world literature from oblivion.
1919. Canadian physician and poet, McCrae served as an army medical
officer from 1914 until his death in France. His most famous poem
is the inspirational In Flanders Fields, the title piece of this
collection of his verse. Contents: In Flanders Fields; The Anxious
Dead; The Warrior; Isandlwana; The Unconquered Dead; The Captain;
The Song of the Derelict; Quebec; Then and Now; Unsolved; The Hope
of My Heart; Penance; Slumber Songs; The Oldest Drama; Recompense;
Mine Host; Equality; Anarchy; Disarmament; The Dead Master; The
Harvest of the Sea; The Dying of Pere Pierre; Eventide; Upon Watts'
Picture Sic Transit; A Song of Comfort; The Pilgrims; The Shadow of
the Cross; The Night Cometh; In Due Season; and an essay in
character of John McCrae by Sir Andrew Macphail.
John Alexander McCrae (1872 - 1918) was a Canadian poet, physician,
author, artist and soldier during World War I. He is best known for
writing the famous war poem In Flanders Fields. In Flanders Fields
has been labeled the most popular poem written during World War 1.
McCrae wrote this poem in 1915 the day after his friend, Lieutenant
Alexis Helmer died. The poppies referred to in the poem grew in
abundance in Flanders Field where many war casualties had been
buried. Now the poppy is a symbol of remembrance.
1919. Canadian physician and poet, McCrae served as an army medical
officer from 1914 until his death in France. His most famous poem
is the inspirational In Flanders Fields, the title piece of this
collection of his verse. Contents: In Flanders Fields; The Anxious
Dead; The Warrior; Isandlwana; The Unconquered Dead; The Captain;
The Song of the Derelict; Quebec; Then and Now; Unsolved; The Hope
of My Heart; Penance; Slumber Songs; The Oldest Drama; Recompense;
Mine Host; Equality; Anarchy; Disarmament; The Dead Master; The
Harvest of the Sea; The Dying of Pere Pierre; Eventide; Upon Watts'
Picture Sic Transit; A Song of Comfort; The Pilgrims; The Shadow of
the Cross; The Night Cometh; In Due Season; and an essay in
character of John McCrae by Sir Andrew Macphail.
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