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The Galactic cosmic rays have far-reaching effects on the
interstellar medium, and they are, in turn, profoundly affected by
the particles and fields in space. Supernova remnants and their
expanding shock fronts pervade the Galaxy, heating the interstellar
medium, and accelerating the cosmic rays. The interplay among the
cosmic rays, the interstellar medium in which they propagate, and
supernovae has been investigated for decades; yet these studies
have generated as many enigmas as they have resolved. These puzzles
continue to challenge observers and theorists alike. th This volume
is devoted to selected lectures presented in the 7 Course of the
International School of Cosmic-Ray Astrophysics in Erice, Italy in
July-August, 1990. Alltogether, some 400 participants have attended
the biennial sessions of this School since its inception in 1978.
As its name implies, the School deals with cosmic-ray phenomena
viewed in the broader context of astrophysics. Students and
Lecturers are attracted from many astrophysical disciplines. Like
earlier courses in this series, the present one was organized under
the aegis of the Ettore Majorana Centre as a NATO Advanced Study
Institute. Given the diverse scientific backgrounds of the
students, it was deemed useful to include lectures at the
introductory level. Other lectures and contributed talks were at a
more advanced level, featuring new developments. If this collection
is useful pedagogically, and if it provides some stimulus and
information for the mature research worker, then the editors will
feel well rewarded.
The symbiosis between particle physics and cosmology has virtually
become a conjugal relationship. Hence the 9th biennial Course of
the International School of Cosmic-Ray Astrophysics was designed to
bridge these formerly dispa- rate disciplines. This NATO Advanced
Study Institute (ASI) took place at the Ettore Majorana Centre in
Erice, Italy, June 20-30, 1992. Seventy participants from 17
countries enjoyed the opportunities for lively interactions as much
as they benefitted from the stimulating lectures. This volume is
based on a selection of lectures and shorter talks presented at the
sessions. Warm thanks are due to my co-director, Prof. J. P. Wefel
and to co-editor Dr. Rein Silberberg for their co- operation. The
support of NATO's Scientific Affairs Di- vision and of Dr. L. V. da
Cunha, Director of its ASI Pro- gramme, was invaluable. We also
acknowledge important con- tributions by the following: Prof. A.
Zichichi, Director of the Majorana Centre and its dedicated staff;
the Italian Ministry of Education; the Italian Ministry of
Scientific Research; the Sicilian Regional Government; the National
Science Foundation of the USA, the European Physical Soci- ety, and
Mrs. Shirley Ratner of Bethesda, Maryland. The Scientific Advisory
Committee consisted of Profs. P. V. Auger, G. P. S. Occhialini, B.
Rossi, M. M. Shapiro, R. Silberberg, J. A. Simpson, J. A. Van
Allen, J. P. Wefel, and A. Zichichi. All of the foregoing persons
and agencies helped make this ASI a memorable experience for the
parti- cipants.
This volume comprises selected lectures presented in the Ninth
Course of the International School ofCosmic-Ray Astrophysics held
at the Ettore Majorana Centre in Erice, Sicily, May 7-18,1994.
Director ofthe Centre is A. Zichichi, assisted by M. Zaini.
Director ofthe School is M. M. Shapiro. 1. P. Wefel was co-director
of the Ninth Course, which was also a NATO Advanced Study Institute
(ASI), and NATO support is gratefully acknowledged. Devoted to
problems and prospects in high-energy astrophysics and cosmology,
the major areas explored in this course were: gamma-ray, X-ray, and
neutrino astronomies; cosmic rays; pulsars and supernova remnants;
and cosmology, as well as cosmogony. Among the principal
developments in gamma-ray astrophysics were those generated by the
Compton Gamma Ray Observatory. Cosmic neutrinos at MeV energies,
i.e., those from the sun and from Supernova 1987a, were discussed,
as well as neutrino masses in astrophysics. The source composition
ofcosmic rays, and extensive air shower experiments, received
special attention. The early universe according to COBE data, and
as viewed by theorists ofcosmology, was reviewed. Finally, the
connections with particle physics occasioned a timely description
ofthe Standard Model ofelementary particles.
M. M. Shapiro and J. P. Wefel AN OVERVIEW OF COSMIC RAY RESEARCH:
COMPOSITION, ACCELERATION AND PROPAGATION J. P. Wefel PROPAGATION
AND TRANSFOR'1ATIONS OF cosme RAYS: 41 FROM SOURCES TO EARTH R.
Silberberg, C. H. Tsao, J. R. Letaw and M. M. Shapiro 71 ULTRA
HEAVY NUCLEI IN THE COSMIC RADIATION W. R. Binns GALACTIC COSMIC
RAY HYDROGEN AND HELIUM 91 J. J. Beatty COSMIC RAYS OF THE HIGHEST
ENERGIES 97 J. Szabelski STARS AND COSMIC RAYS 105 I. COOL STARS T.
Montmerle STARS AND COSMIC RAYS 131 II. HOT STARS T. Montmerle ON
THE POSSIBLE CONTRIBUTION OF WC STARS TO ISOTOPIC 153 ANOMALIES IN
COSMIC RAYS AND METEORITES J. B. Blake and D. S. P. Dearborn
GAMMA-RAY VIEWS ON THE GALACTIC COSMIC-RAY DISTRIBUTION 163 H.
Bloemen VlIl RADIO ASTRONOMY AND COSMIC RAYS 175 K. W. Weiler
PARTICLE ACCELERATION IN GALACTIC SUPERNOVA REMNANTS 205 D. A.
Green PULSARS AS COSMIC RAY PARTICLE ACCELERATORS -- NEW RESULTS
215 ON THE DYNAMICS OF PROTONS IN VACUUM FIELDS K. o. Thie1heim
CONDITIONS FOR ACCELERATION OF SUPER-HIGH ENERGY COSMIC RAYS 227 IN
ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI W. H. Sorrell COSMIC RAYS AND A STABLE
HYDROSTATIC EQUILIBRIUM OF THE GALAXY 235 H. B10emen VRE AND URE
GAMMA P Y OBSERVATIONS BY GROUND BASED 241 DETECTORS W. Stamm 15
HADRON AND MUON COMPONENTS IN PHOTON SHOWERS AT 10 eV 255 Ch. P.
Vankov and J. N. Stamenov MONOPOLES, MUONS, NEUTRINOS AND CYGNUS
X-3 261 M. L. Cherry, S. Corbato, D. Kieda, K. Lande, and C. K.
I. COSIIIC GAMMA RAYS AIm COSIIIC DUnmos L. Scarsi GAMMA RAY
ASTRONOMY -- AN OVERVIEW OF THE GALACTIC DIFFUSE EMISSION: THE
ORIGIN AND CONFINEMENT OF COSMIC RAyS ************ 1 P. L. Biermann
PHOTON AND NEUTRINO-EMISSION FROM SHOCKWAVES IN ACTIVE GALACTIC
NUCLE I ************************************************* 21 T.
Stanev PRODUCTION OF ENERGETIC GAMMA-RAYS AND NEUTRINOS AT BINARY
SySTEMS *********************************************** 3 9 F. W.
Stecker COSMIC GAMMA-RAYS AND COSMIC-RAY NEUTRINOS FROM GALACTIC
AND SOLAR DARK MATTER ANNIHILATION ******************************
49 E. P. Liang GAMMA RAYS FROM CYGNUS X-I: NEW DIAGNOSTICS FOR A
BLACK HOLE ******** 73 F. W. Stecker GAMMA-RAY ASTRONOMY AND THE
HOLISTIC GALAXY ************************* 85 A. W. Wolfendale THE
NEUTRINO SIGNAL FROM SNI987A ***********************************
12I A. E. Chudakov, Ya. S. Elensky and S. P. Mikheyev ON THE
SPECTRUM OF NEUTRINOS FROM SNI987A ************************** 13I
L. V. Volkova A COMMENT ON v Iv RATIO IN ATMOSPHERIC NEUTRINO
FLUXES ************ 139 e 1I L. V. Volkova FLUXES OF MUONS AND
NEUTRINOS GENERATED BY PRIMARY RADIATION IN THE MOON
****************************************** 141 viii P. I. Krastev
and S. T. Petcov THREE-NEUTRINO OSCILLATIONS IN THE EARTH:
RESONANCE AMPLIFICATION AND T-VIOLATION EFFECTS
************************** 145 A. E. Chudakov VHE AND UHE GAMMA RAY
ASTRONOMY: HISTORY AND PROBLEMS ************** 163 G. B. Yodh ULTRA
HIGH ENERGY ASTRONOMY **************************************** 183
A. E. Chudakov, G. Navarra and V. A. Tizengauzen ON THE 100 TeV UHE
GAMMA-RAY DATA FROM CYGNUS X-3 AND HERCULES X-1 IN 1986
*************************************** 211 G. B.
"Neutrinos and Explosive Events in the Universe" brought together
experts from diverse disciplines to offer a detailed view of the
exciting new work in this part of High Energy Astrophysics.
Sponsored by NATO as an Advanced Study Institute, and coordinated
under the auspices of the International School of Cosmic Ray
Astrophysics (14th biennial course), the ASI featured a full
program of lectures and discussion in the ambiance of the Ettore
Majorana Centre in Erice, Italy, including visits to the local
Dirac and Chalonge museum collections as well as a view of the
cultural heritage of southern Sicily. Enri- ment presentations on
results from the Spitzer Infrared Space Telescope and the Origin of
Complexity complemented the program. This course was the best
attended in the almost 30 year history of the School with 121
participants from 22 countries. The program provided a rich ex-
rience, both introductory and advanced, to fascinating areas of
observational Astrophysics Neutrino Astronomy, High Energy Gamma
Ray Astronomy, P- ticle Astrophysics and the objects most likely
responsible for the signals - plosions and related phenomena,
ranging from Supernovae to Black Holes to the Big Bang. Contained
in this NATO Science Series volume is a summative formulation of
the physics and astrophysics of this newly emerging research area
that already has been, and will continue to be, an important
contributor to understanding our high energy universe.
A wide range of topics are covered, ranging from supernovae to
active galactic nuclei, cosmic gamma rays to neutrinos and dark
matter. The basic emphasis is on physics / astrophysics and
experimental / observational techniques, scientific implications of
current results, and prospects for future advances. The fields
surveyed are in rapid development and the exploration of our high
energy universe is proceeding rapidly, with exciting new
discoveries. What unifies much of the new data is the idea of
particle acceleration to enormous energies and the subsequent
interactions of the particles with the local medium. It this focus
that makes the book both timely and an important contribution to
the field.
M. M. Shapiro and J. P. Wefel AN OVERVIEW OF COSMIC RAY RESEARCH:
COMPOSITION, ACCELERATION AND PROPAGATION J. P. Wefel PROPAGATION
AND TRANSFOR'1ATIONS OF cosme RAYS: 41 FROM SOURCES TO EARTH R.
Silberberg, C. H. Tsao, J. R. Letaw and M. M. Shapiro 71 ULTRA
HEAVY NUCLEI IN THE COSMIC RADIATION W. R. Binns GALACTIC COSMIC
RAY HYDROGEN AND HELIUM 91 J. J. Beatty COSMIC RAYS OF THE HIGHEST
ENERGIES 97 J. Szabelski STARS AND COSMIC RAYS 105 I. COOL STARS T.
Montmerle STARS AND COSMIC RAYS 131 II. HOT STARS T. Montmerle ON
THE POSSIBLE CONTRIBUTION OF WC STARS TO ISOTOPIC 153 ANOMALIES IN
COSMIC RAYS AND METEORITES J. B. Blake and D. S. P. Dearborn
GAMMA-RAY VIEWS ON THE GALACTIC COSMIC-RAY DISTRIBUTION 163 H.
Bloemen VlIl RADIO ASTRONOMY AND COSMIC RAYS 175 K. W. Weiler
PARTICLE ACCELERATION IN GALACTIC SUPERNOVA REMNANTS 205 D. A.
Green PULSARS AS COSMIC RAY PARTICLE ACCELERATORS -- NEW RESULTS
215 ON THE DYNAMICS OF PROTONS IN VACUUM FIELDS K. o. Thie1heim
CONDITIONS FOR ACCELERATION OF SUPER-HIGH ENERGY COSMIC RAYS 227 IN
ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI W. H. Sorrell COSMIC RAYS AND A STABLE
HYDROSTATIC EQUILIBRIUM OF THE GALAXY 235 H. B10emen VRE AND URE
GAMMA P Y OBSERVATIONS BY GROUND BASED 241 DETECTORS W. Stamm 15
HADRON AND MUON COMPONENTS IN PHOTON SHOWERS AT 10 eV 255 Ch. P.
Vankov and J. N. Stamenov MONOPOLES, MUONS, NEUTRINOS AND CYGNUS
X-3 261 M. L. Cherry, S. Corbato, D. Kieda, K. Lande, and C. K.
The symbiosis between particles physics and cosmology has virtually
become a conjugal relationship. Hence the 9th Biennial Course of
the International School of Cosmic-Ray Astrophysics was designed to
bridge these formerly disparate disciplines. This NATO Advanced
Study Institute took place at the Ettore Majorana Centre in Erice,
Italy, June 20-30, 1992. Seventy participants from 17 countries
participated in lively interactions and enjoyed the stimulating
lectures that form the basis for this volume. The book includes
current advances in both astrophysics (cosmic gamma ravs, X-rays,
cosmic rays) and cosmology (an introduction to inflation in
big-bang theory, the age of the universe, nucleosynthesis in the
early universe). It is suitable for reading and study by all
interested physical scientists, especially those having a limited
specialized background in astrophysics and cosmology.
I. Cosmic Rays and the Interstellar Medium.- A Brief Introduction
to the Cosmic Radiation.- The Composition of the Cosmic Rays: An
Update.- Interstellar Dust-Gas Relationships.- Dust, Gas and Cosmic
Rays in the Interstellar Medium.- Comparison Between Greenberg and
Mathis Models of Grains for the H2 Formation Induced by Cosmic
Rays.- II. Supernovae, Acceleration, Propagation and Source
Composition.- Shock Acceleration of Cosmic Rays.- Source
Composition, Sites of Origin And Acceleration of Cosmic Rays.-
Cosmic-Ray Age and the Interstellar Medium.- The Production of
Antiprotons in the Interstellar Gas by Propagating Cosmic Rays.-
The Source Composition of Galactic Cosmic Rays and the Condensation
Process of the Elements in Circumstellar and Interstellar Gases.-
The Distribution of Supernova Remnants in the Galaxy.- Gamma Rays
from Supernova 1987A.- Acceleration of Cosmic Rays at Young
Supernova Remnants.- The Effect of Relativistic Particle Beams on
the Evolution of Supernova Envelopes: Self-Consistent Solutions.-
Radio Spectral Variations in the Cygnus Loop.- III. Gamma Rays and
Their Role as Cosmic Ray Tracers.- Gamma Ray Astrophysics at
Energies up to 10 Gev.- Vhe and UHE Gamma Ray Sources.- Gamma-Rays
from Electron, Proton Beam Interactions with Matter and/or
Radiation: Application to Cygx-L, Geminga, and 3C273.- Gamma Rays
and Neutrinos from Accretion Processes onto Collapsed Objects:
Application to 3C273.- Nearby Galaxies in Highenergy Gamma Rays.-
IV. Ultra-Energetic Cosmic Nuclei.- Cosmic Rays at the Highest
Energies.- Participants.- Author Index.
I. COSIIIC GAMMA RAYS AIm COSIIIC DUnmos L. Scarsi GAMMA RAY
ASTRONOMY -- AN OVERVIEW OF THE GALACTIC DIFFUSE EMISSION: THE
ORIGIN AND CONFINEMENT OF COSMIC RAyS ************ 1 P. L. Biermann
PHOTON AND NEUTRINO-EMISSION FROM SHOCKWAVES IN ACTIVE GALACTIC
NUCLE I ************************************************* 21 T.
Stanev PRODUCTION OF ENERGETIC GAMMA-RAYS AND NEUTRINOS AT BINARY
SySTEMS *********************************************** 3 9 F. W.
Stecker COSMIC GAMMA-RAYS AND COSMIC-RAY NEUTRINOS FROM GALACTIC
AND SOLAR DARK MATTER ANNIHILATION ******************************
49 E. P. Liang GAMMA RAYS FROM CYGNUS X-I: NEW DIAGNOSTICS FOR A
BLACK HOLE ******** 73 F. W. Stecker GAMMA-RAY ASTRONOMY AND THE
HOLISTIC GALAXY ************************* 85 A. W. Wolfendale THE
NEUTRINO SIGNAL FROM SNI987A ***********************************
12I A. E. Chudakov, Ya. S. Elensky and S. P. Mikheyev ON THE
SPECTRUM OF NEUTRINOS FROM SNI987A ************************** 13I
L. V. Volkova A COMMENT ON v Iv RATIO IN ATMOSPHERIC NEUTRINO
FLUXES ************ 139 e 1I L. V. Volkova FLUXES OF MUONS AND
NEUTRINOS GENERATED BY PRIMARY RADIATION IN THE MOON
****************************************** 141 viii P. I. Krastev
and S. T. Petcov THREE-NEUTRINO OSCILLATIONS IN THE EARTH:
RESONANCE AMPLIFICATION AND T-VIOLATION EFFECTS
************************** 145 A. E. Chudakov VHE AND UHE GAMMA RAY
ASTRONOMY: HISTORY AND PROBLEMS ************** 163 G. B. Yodh ULTRA
HIGH ENERGY ASTRONOMY **************************************** 183
A. E. Chudakov, G. Navarra and V. A. Tizengauzen ON THE 100 TeV UHE
GAMMA-RAY DATA FROM CYGNUS X-3 AND HERCULES X-1 IN 1986
*************************************** 211 G. B.
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