The views of Thomas Robert Malthus (1766-1834) on population, first published in his Essay on the Principle of Population, 1798, continue to be hotly debated, either acclaimed or opposed, as do his views on macroeconomics. There is a widely held view that his macroeconomics lacks coherence and is merely a collection of isolated jottings. This book challenges this view; it presents textual evidence that Malthus's macroeconomics constitutes a significant system of thought with considerable academic merit. It reawakens debate about the relative merits of Malthus and Ricardo as macroeconomists and contends that Malthus offers important macroeconomic ideas and policy proposals relevant to modern economic problems. It presents and analyses Malthus' ideas on topics such as the determinants of aggregate economic growth; the causes of general depression; the remedies for mass unemployment; the balance between laissez-faire and government intervention; the optimum division of expenditure between consumption, saving, and investment; the distribution of income between wages, profits, and rents; and the degree of economic inequality. Particular emphasis is given to his view that the pattern of distribution of wealth between the upper, lower, and middle classes is a major determinant or factor in the production of wealth, and that continued economic development depends on the growth of a large and affluent middle class. The radical nature of some of his ideas and policy proposals on the ownership and distribution of land is highlighted. An extensive treatment of Say's Law, incorporating aspects of the correspondence between Say and Malthus, addresses the question of whether Malthus showed that Say's Law is merely a truism and lacks any scientific relevance. The book also sheds new light on the nature of the influence of Malthus on Keynes. This combination of a search for textual authenticity and a critical assessment of the views of commentators on Malthus will be of significant interest to students and scholars of economic theory and the history of economics.

The views of Thomas Robert Malthus (1766-1834) on population, first published in his Essay on the Principle of Population, 1798, continue to be hotly debated, either acclaimed or opposed, as do his views on macroeconomics. There is a widely held view that his macroeconomics lacks coherence and is merely a collection of isolated jottings. This book challenges this view; it presents textual evidence that Malthus's macroeconomics constitutes a significant system of thought with considerable academic merit. It reawakens debate about the relative merits of Malthus and Ricardo as macroeconomists and contends that Malthus offers important macroeconomic ideas and policy proposals relevant to modern economic problems. It presents and analyses Malthus' ideas on topics such as the determinants of aggregate economic growth; the causes of general depression; the remedies for mass unemployment; the balance between laissez-faire and government intervention; the optimum division of expenditure between consumption, saving, and investment; the distribution of income between wages, profits, and rents; and the degree of economic inequality. Particular emphasis is given to his view that the pattern of distribution of wealth between the upper, lower, and middle classes is a major determinant or factor in the production of wealth, and that continued economic development depends on the growth of a large and affluent middle class. The radical nature of some of his ideas and policy proposals on the ownership and distribution of land is highlighted. An extensive treatment of Say's Law, incorporating aspects of the correspondence between Say and Malthus, addresses the question of whether Malthus showed that Say's Law is merely a truism and lacks any scientific relevance. The book also sheds new light on the nature of the influence of Malthus on Keynes. This combination of a search for textual authenticity and a critical assessment of the views of commentators on Malthus will be of significant interest to students and scholars of economic theory and the history of economics.

Discovered in the estate of a distant nephew, and previously unpublished, this book is the second of two volumes comprising a collection of manuscripts by or relating to T.R. Malthus. The texts consist of correspondence, sermons, essays and lecture notes on political economy and history.

The Marginal Productivity Theory of Distribution (MPTD) claims that in a free-market economy the demand for a factor of production will depend upon its marginal product where "marginal product" is defined as the change in total product that is caused by, or that follows, the addition or subtraction of the marginal unit of the factor used in the production process, with all other inputs held constant. From its inception in the early nineteenth century the MPTD has been claimed by some economists to be a solution to the ethical problem of distributive justice, i.e. to be a means of determining fairness in wages, profits, interest and rent. Other economists have rejected this ethical claim, but have seen the MPTD as a valid demand-side criterion in the determination of equilibrium and efficiency.

This book argues that the MPTD is valid, neither as a normative theory of social justice, nor as a positive law of economics. It suggests that economics is yet to develop a satisfactory theory of distribution that is scientific in the quantitative or mathematical sense. Through a survey of the origin and subsequent evolution of the MPTD in the writings of over 50 contributors over 150 years, John Pullen presents a critical history of the concept. The book begins by examining the conceptual tools that have been deployed to facilitate this analysis of past contributions to the MPTD and then looks at various economists and their contribution to the debate including its supporters such as Wicksteed, Marshall, Wicksell and Stigler, and its critics such as Pareto, Hobson, Edgeworth, Adriance and Cassel."

The Marginal Productivity Theory of Distribution (MPTD) claims that in a free-market economy the demand for a factor of production will depend upon its marginal product ? where "marginal product" is defined as the change in total product that is caused by, or that follows, the addition or subtraction of the marginal unit of the factor used in the production process, with all other inputs held constant. From its inception in the early nineteenth century the MPTD has been claimed by some economists to be a solution to the ethical problem of distributive justice, i.e. to be a means of determining fairness in wages, profits, interest and rent. Other economists have rejected this ethical claim, but have seen the MPTD as a valid demand-side criterion in the determination of equilibrium and efficiency.

This book argues that the MPTD is valid, neither as a normative theory of social justice, nor as a positive law of economics. It suggests that economics is yet to develop a satisfactory theory of distribution that is scientific in the quantitative or mathematical sense. Through a survey of the origin and subsequent evolution of the MPTD in the writings of over 50 contributors over 150 years, John Pullen presents a critical history of the concept. The book begins by examining the conceptual tools that have been deployed to facilitate this analysis of past contributions to the MPTD and then looks at various economists and their contribution to the debate including its supporters such as Wicksteed, Marshall, Wicksell and Stigler, and its critics such as Pareto, Hobson, Edgeworth, Adriance and Cassel.

This volume comprises a collection of manuscripts by or relating to T.R. Malthus--recently discovered and previously unpublished--consisting of correspondence, sermons, essays and lecture notes on political economy and history. The manuscripts provide insights into Malthus' personal life--especially his relationships with his parents and his tutors, and also suggest hitherto unknown influences on his intellectual development. They represent a remarkable discovery, more than 150 years after Malthus' death.

Being Happy is something everybody would like to experience as part of their everyday life. But for many, happiness is difficult to find and even harder to hold on to. There are many reasons why we might feel low, unhappy or depressed and the thought of being happy every day seems beyond our reach. But this book can change that. Inside you will find explanations of why you may be feeling down and then quick and easy ways to stop these negative feelings and replace them with more positive ones. Your whole outlook on life can change in only a couple of hours. Happiness is within the grasp of every one of us. It is not magic. Understand what is behind your feelings and then use the simple exercises to change them into new more positive ways of leading your life. Our life is special. It is only right that we should be able to enjoy every moment of it.

This is a book about secret London churches. That is to say that their locations are not secret and each of them in this book has directions to the nearest Tube station if you wish to visit them. But they are not the famous London Cathedrals. Within these pages you will not find St. Paul's Cathedral, Westminster Abbey, Southwark Cathedral, Westminster Cathedral and others. But you will find a wealth of smaller and larger churches around Central London and in particular, the City of London. Each of them has something interesting to tell us, whether it is some unusual piece of history attached to it or the final resting place of someone famous. There are also photographs illustrating each of the churches featured here. London has a colourful history stretching back over two thousand years and our stories will cover the Roman occupation, the Saxons, the Great Fire of London, the Great Plague and the Blitz. Throughout all these periods these churches were not only places of worship but were also witness to events and to the people who lived during these times. They were baptised, married and buried at these sites. Churches are constant witnesses to our history. We walk by them without much more than a glance. I hope that by the end of this book you will appreciate the secrets they are only too willing to give up if we only take the time to look. Fully illustrated.

London has been a witness to history for over 2,000 years. It has seen itself grow from a small trading centre founded by the Romans and growing to the large Roman town of Londinium. When they departed Britain in the 4th Century, London went through many changes until it reached the present day. It was severely damaged by the Great Fire of London in 1666, its population suffered and died in great numbers during the Black Death and the Plague. It has been host to public riots and uprisings. Royalty came, went and returned again. All of these events have left their mark in the fabric of London. But many of the reminders of such major events in London's history are mostly now gone. Well, almost. If you look hard enough and you know where to go, you can still find those objects and places that echo the stories of the past. And they do not mark just the big events of the past. There are also reminders of individual people whose stories reflect a more human insight of what life was like in the London of the past. All of the "secret" and "hidden" objects and places in this book have one thing in common. Whether they refer to famous events or to more individual affairs, their stories are fascinating and have the ability to take us back in time to once again feel a link to those Londoners that went before us. And finally, all of these places still exist and can be visited. If you cannot get to London, then you will find photographs of each of these places within the book.