Global warming is the most severe environmental challenge faced by humanity today and the costs of responding effectively will be high. While Russia's ratification of the Kyoto Protocol ensures the treaty's entry into force, lack of capacity, or incentives to renege on their commitments, will impede mitigation efforts in many countries. An important prerequisite for the proper functioning of the Protocol is that its compliance system - which is spelled out by the Marrakesh Accords - proves effective. Implementing the Climate Regime describes and analyses Kyoto's compliance system. Organized into four parts, Part I describes the emergence and design of the compliance system, while Part II analyses various challenges to its effective operation - such as the development of norms, verification and the danger that the use of punitive 'consequences' may also hurt compliant countries. Part III discusses the potential role of external enforcement, with particular emphasis on trade sanctions. Part IV addresses the relationship between Kyoto compliance on one hand, and international governance, oil companies and green NGOs on the other.

Climate change is one of the most pressing problems facing the global community. Although most states agree that climate change is occurring and is at least partly the result of humans' reliance on fossil fuels, managing a changing global climate is a formidable challenge. Underlying this challenge is the fact that states are sovereign, governed by their own laws and regulations. Sovereignty requires that states address global problems such as climate change on a voluntary basis, by negotiating international agreements. Despite a consensus on the need for global action, many questions remain concerning how a meaningful international climate agreement can be realized. This book brings together leading experts to speak to such questions and to offer promising ideas for the path toward a new climate agreement. Organized in three main parts, it examines the potential for meaningful climate cooperation. Part 1 explores sources of conflict that lead to barriers to an effective climate agreement. Part 2 investigates how different processes influence states' prospects of resolving their differences and of reaching a climate agreement that is more effective than the current Kyoto Protocol. Finally, part 3 focuses on governance issues, including lessons learned from existing institutional structures. The book is unique in that it brings together the voices of experts from many disciplines, such as economics, political science, international law, and natural science. The authors are academics, practitioners, consultants and advisors. Contributions draw on a variety of methods, and include both theoretical and empirical studies. The book should be of interest to scholars and graduate students in the fields of economics, political science, environmental law, natural resources, earth sciences, sustainability, and many others. It is directly relevant for policy makers, stakeholders and climate change negotiators, offering insights into the role of uncertainty, fairness, policy linkage, burden sharing and alternative institutional designs.

Climate change is arguably one of the most pressing problems facing the global community. While most nations agree that climate change is occurring and is largely the result of humans' reliance on fossil fuels, managing a changing global climate is an impressive challenge. Underlying this challenge is the fact that nations are sovereign, and thus governed by their own rules and regulations. Sovereignty requires that nations address global problems, like climate change, through voluntary institutions typically referred to as international environmental agreements (IEAs). This book examines the challenges of sustaining meaningful cooperation among countries striving to manage global climate change through international environmental agreements. The first part of the book looks backwards to learn from climate diplomacy's past experience concerning the UNFCCC, the Kyoto protocol, and the Asia-Pacific Partnership. It considers the political process of international climate negotiations, provides critiques of existing climate agreements and also includes analyses of climate policy for large carbon-emitting countries (e.g., United States and China).It analyzes issues such as the strengths and weaknesses of the Kyoto protocol and its enforcement system, the rise and decline of the Asia-Pacific Partnership, the record of international and regional emissions trading, the experience with the UN track for climate negotiations, and the conditions under which unilateral measures by one or a few countries might encourage others to follow suit. The second part explores how future climate agreements can be improved based on the lessons of the past. This part presents and discusses ideas for a new and more effective international architecture for combating climate change. It analyses the relative merits of top-down and bottom-up agreements, considers the potential of sectoral agreements and technology agreements to constrain emissions, and examines theoretically and empirically various institutions for encouraging participation and compliance in a future climate agreement. Finally, it considers the ups and downs both of the UN negotiation track and of other possible forums for climate diplomacy.Through the perspectives of leading international scholars from multiple disciplines, readers of the book will gain an understanding of how agreements are negotiated, the strength and weaknesses of previous climate agreements and how a more effective future climate agreement can be designed.

* Comprehensive examination of the compliance system of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Kyoto Protocol* Covers development and design of the system, obstacles to its effectiveness, the role of state and non-state parties, and the importance of trade measures and other factors for compliance* Contributions from leading international political scientists, lawyers, economists, and natural scientists to this crucial aspect of climate policyGlobal warming is the most severe environmental challenge faced by humanity today, and the costs of responding effectively will be high. While Russia's ratification of the Kyoto Protocol ensures the treaty's entry into force, lack of capacity, or incentives to renege on their commitments, will impede mitigation efforts in many countries. An important prerequisite for the proper functioning of the Protocol is that its compliance system--which is spelled out by the Marrakesh Accords--proves effective.Implementing the Climate Regime describes and analyzes Kyoto's compliance system. Organized into four parts, Part I describes the emergence and design of the compliance system, while Part II analyzes various challenges to its effective operation--such as the development of norms, verification, and the danger that the use of punitive "consequences" may also hurt compliant countries. Part III discusses the potential role of external enforcement, with particular emphasis on trade sanctions. Part IV addresses the relationship between Kyoto compliance on one hand, and international governance, oil companies, and green NGOs on the other.