The increasing diversity of population of the United States presents many challenges to conducting health research that is representative and informative. Dispersion and accessibility issues can increase logistical costs; populations for which it is difficult to obtain adequate sample size are also likely to be expensive to study. Hence, even if it is technically feasible to study a small population, it may not be easy to obtain the funding to do so. In order to address the issues associated with improving health research of small populations, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a workshop in January 2018. Participants considered ways of addressing the challenges of conducting epidemiological studies or intervention research with small population groups, including alternative study designs, innovative methodologies for data collection, and innovative statistical techniques for analysis. Table of Contents Front Matter 1 Introduction and Background 2 What Do We Mean by "Small Populations"? 3 Challenges in Using Available Data for Small Population Health Research 4 Techniques Used in Survey Research to Identify and Find Small Populations for Health Research 5 New and Emerging Designs for Intervention Studies 6 Recruitment, Retention, and Collection of Data 7 Analysis Techniques for Small Population Research 8 Closing Remarks Appendix A: Agenda and List of Participants Appendix B: Biographical Sketches of Steering Committee and Speakers Committee on National Statistics

The increase in prevalence and visibility of sexually gender diverse (SGD) populations illuminates the need for greater understanding of the ways in which current laws, systems, and programs affect their well-being. Individuals who identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual, asexual, transgender, non-binary, queer, or intersex, as well as those who express same-sex or -gender attractions or behaviors, will have experiences across their life course that differ from those of cisgender and heterosexual individuals. Characteristics such as age, race and ethnicity, and geographic location intersect to play a distinct role in the challenges and opportunities SGD people face. Understanding the Well-Being of LGBTQI+ Populations reviews the available evidence and identifies future research needs related to the well-being of SDG populations across the life course. This report focuses on eight domains of well-being; the effects of various laws and the legal system on SGD populations; the effects of various public policies and structural stigma; community and civic engagement; families and social relationships; education, including school climate and level of attainment; economic experiences (e.g., employment, compensation, and housing); physical and mental health; and health care access and gender-affirming interventions. The recommendations of Understanding the Well-Being of LGBTQI+ Populations aim to identify opportunities to advance understanding of how individuals experience sexuality and gender and how sexual orientation, gender identity, and intersex status affect SGD people over the life course. Table of Contents Front Matter Summary PART I: BACKGROUND AND CONTEXT Prologue 1 Introduction 2 Health and Well-Being in Diverse Populations: Frameworks and Concepts PART II: UNDERSTANDING SEXUAL AND GENDER DIVERSE POPULATIONS 3 Demography and Public Attitudes of Sexual and Gender Diverse Populations 4 Current State of Data Collection PART III; DOMAINS OF WELL-BEING 5 Law and Legal Systems 6 Public Policy and Structural Stigma 7 Community and Civic Engagement 8 Families and Social Relationships 9 Educational Environments 10 Economic Well-Being 11 Physical and Mental Health 12 Coverage, Access, and Utilization of Evidence-Based Health Care PART IV: RESEARCH NEEDS 13 Recommendations Appendix A: Summary of Prior Related National Academies Reports and Activities Appendix B: Agenda: Public Seminar on Amplifying Visibility and Increasing Capacity for Sexual and Gender Diverse Populations Appendix C: Biographical Sketches of Committee Members and Staff

The drylands region shared by the United States and Mexico currently faces multiple sustainability challenges at the intersection of the human and natural systems. Warming and drying conditions threaten surface water and groundwater availability, disrupt land- and marine-based livelihood systems, and challenge the sustainability of human settlements. These biophysical challenges are exacerbated by a highly mobile and dynamic population, volatile economic and policy conditions, increased exposure to extreme events, and urbanization on marginal, vulnerable lands. The U.S. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine collaborated with the Mexican Academy of Sciences, Academy of Engineering, and the National Academy of Medicine to plan a 2-day binational workshop, Advancing Sustainability of U.S.-Mexico Transboundary Drylands. The workshop goals were to highlight the challenges facing the region, assess the scientific and technical capacity that each nation can bring to bear in addressing these challenges, and identify new opportunities for binational research collaboration and coordinated management approaches in the advancement of sustainability science and development. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. Table of Contents Front Matter 1 Introduction and Background 2 Understanding the Transboundary Drylands Region 3 Four Key Topics 4 Innovations and Solutions in Sustainability Science for Drylands Areas 5 Key Themes and Possible Next Step Appendix A Agenda Appendix B Participants Appendix C Biographical Sketches of Steering Committee Members and Presenters

In the U.S. criminal justice system in 2014, an estimated 2.2 million people were in incarcerated or under correctional supervision on any given day, and another 4.7 million were under community supervision, such as probation or parole. Among all U.S. adults, 1 in 31 is involved with the criminal justice system, many of them having had recurring encounters. The ability to measure the effects of criminal justice involvement and incarceration on health and health disparities has been a challenge, due largely to limited and inconsistent measures on criminal justice involvement and any data on incarceration in health data collections. The presence of a myriad of confounding factors, such as socioeconomic status and childhood disadvantage, also makes it hard to isolate and identify a causal relationship between criminal justice involvement and health. The Bureau of Justice Statistics collects periodic health data on the people who are incarcerated at any given time, but few national-level surveys have captured criminal justice system involvement for people previously involved in the system or those under community supervision?nor have they collected systematic data on the effects that go beyond the incarcerated individuals themselves. In March 2016 the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine held a workshop meant to assist the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation (ASPE) and Office of the Minority Health (OMH) in the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services in identifying measures of criminal justice involvement that will further their understanding of the socioeconomic determinants of health. Participants investigated the feasibility of collecting criminal justice experience data with national household-based health surveys. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. Table of Contents Front Matter 1 Introduction 2 Defining Criminal Justice Involvement 3 Effects of Criminal Justice Involvement on Individuals, Families, and Communities 4 Criminal Justice Involvement and Health 5 Asking Criminal Justice Involvement Questions 6 Measuring Criminal Justice Contact and Incarceration Experience in Health Surveys 7 Alternative Approaches to Criminal Justice Measurement 8 Key Themes and Possible Next Steps References Appendix A: Workshop Agenda Appendix B: Biographical Sketches of Steering Committee Members and Speakers Committee on National Statistics

The border region shared by the United States and Mexico is currently experiencing multiple crises on both sides that present challenges to safeguarding the region's sustainable natural resources and to ensuring the livelihoods of its residents. These challenges are exacerbated by stressors including global climate change, increasing urbanization and industrialization and attendant air and water-quality degradation, and rapid population growth. Navigating these challenges and preserving the area?s cultural richness, economy, and ecology will require building strategic partnerships that engage a broad range of stakeholders from both countries. To navigate these challenges, the U.S. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, together with the Mexican Academy of Sciences (Academia Mexicana de Ciencias), Mexican Academy of Engineering (Academia de Ingenier?a de M?xico), and Mexican National Academy of Medicine (Academia Nacional de Medicina de M?xico), appointed a committee of experts from the United States and Mexico to conduct a consensus study. Advancing United States-Mexico Binational Sustainability Partnerships incorporates features of the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, in particular, Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 17. SDG 17 calls for revitalizing global partnerships for sustainable development. It is specifically focused on the advancement of multi-stakeholder partnerships that require coordination and collaboration among diverse stakeholders in pursuit of a common and mutually beneficial vision. With attention to SDG 17, this report draws on social science theory and applied research on partnerships to explore potential strategies and mechanisms to increase coordination between relevant government agencies, the private sector, and civil society in the United States and Mexico. Table of Contents Front Matter Summary 1 Introduction 2 Sustainability Partnerships 3 Opportunities and Challenges for U.S.Mexico Sustainability Partnerships 4 Recommended Strategies for Effective Partnerships Appendix A: Stakeholder Information Questionnaire Appendix B: Webinar Agenda Appendix C: Committee Member and Staff Biographies Appendix D: Characteristics of the Binational Region Appendix E: Acronym List

Human trafficking has many names and can take many forms - pimp control, commercial sex, exploitation, forced labor, modern slavery, child labor, and several others - and the definitions vary greatly across countries and cultures, as well as among researchers. In the United States, the Trafficking Victims Protection Act (TVPA) is the cornerstone of counter-trafficking efforts. It provides guidance for identifying and defining human trafficking, and it authorizes legislation and appropriations for subsequent counter-trafficking measures both within and outside of the federal government. First enacted in 2000, the TVPA has since been reauthorized by three administrations, and it includes a directive for the President to establish an Interagency Task Force to Monitor and Combat Trafficking. The subsequent Frederick Douglass Trafficking Victims Prevention and Protection Reauthorization Act of 2018 also includes provisions for victim services and plans to enhance collaboration efforts to fight trafficking abroad. To explore current and innovative sampling methods, technological approaches, and analytical strategies for estimating the prevalence of sex and labor trafficking in vulnerable populations, a 2-day public workshop, Approaches to Estimating the Prevalence of Human Trafficking in the United States, was held in Washington, D.C. in April 2019. The workshop brought together statisticians, survey methodologists, researchers, public health practitioners, and other experts who work closely with human trafficking data or with the survivors of trafficking. Participants addressed the current state of research on human trafficking, advancements in data collection, and gaps in the data. They discussed international practices and global trends in human trafficking prevalence estimation and considered ways in which collaborations across agencies and among the U.S. government and private-sector organizations have advanced counter-trafficking efforts. This proceedings summarizes the presentations and discussions of the workshop. Table of Contents Front Matter 1 Introduction 2 Before Measuring: Identifying Victims and Understanding Vulnerability 3 Domestic Approaches to Measuring Prevalence 4 International Approaches to Measuring Prevalence 5 Collecting Human Trafficking Prevalence Data 6 Linking Prevalence to Policy 7 Key Takeaways and Additional Areas of Focus Appendix A: Workshop Agenda Appendix B: Biographical Sketches of Planning Committee Members and Presenters Committee on National Statistics