This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 8th FIP WG 2.2 International Conference, TCS 2014, held in Rome, Italy, in September 2014. The 26 revised full papers presented, together with two invited talks, were carefully reviewed and selected from 73 submissions. [Suggestion--please check and add more if needed] TCS-2014 consisted of two tracks, with separate program committees, which dealt respectively with: - Track A: Algorithms, Complexity and Models of Computation, and - Track B: Logic, Semantics, Specification and Verification

This is the second volume of a two volume collection on Structural Complexity. This volume assumes as a prerequisite knowledge about the topics treated in Volume I, but the present volume itself is nearly self-contained. As in Volume I, each chapter of this book ends with a section entitled "Bibliographical Remarks", in which the relevant references for the chapter are briefly commented upon. These sections might also be of interest to those wanting an overview of the evolution of the field, as well as relevant related results which are not included in the text. Each chapter includes a section of exercises. The reader is encouraged to spend some time on them. Some results presented as exercises are occasionally used later in the text. A reference is provided for the most interesting and for the most useful exercises. Some exercises are marked with a * to indicate that, to the best knowledge of the authors, the solution has a certain degree of difficulty. Many topics from the field of Structural Complexity are not treated in depth, or not treated at all. The authors bear all responsibility for the choice of topics, which has been made based on the interest of the authors on each topic. Many friends and colleagues have made suggestions or corrections. In partic ular we would like to express our gratitude to Richard Beigel, Ron Book, Rafael Casas, Jozef Gruska, Uwe Schoning, Pekka Orponen, and Osamu Watanabe.

In the six years since the first edition of this book was published, the field of Structural Complexity has grown quite a bit. However, we are keeping this volume at the same basic level that it had in the first edition, and the only new result incorporated as an appendix is the closure under complementation of nondeterministic space classes, which in the previous edition was posed as an open problem. This result was already included in our Volume II, but we feel that due to the basic nature of the result, it belongs to this volume. There are of course other important results obtained during these last six years. However, as they belong to new areas opened in the field they are outside the scope of this fundamental volume. Other changes in this second edition are the update of some Bibliograph ical Remarks and references, correction of many mistakes and typos, and a renumbering of the definitions and results. Experience has shown us that this new numbering is a lot more friendly, and several readers have confirmed this opinion. For the sake of the reader of Volume II, where all references to Volume I follow the old numbering, we have included here a table indicating the new number corresponding to each of the old ones."

This volume contains the papers presented at the 7th International Conference onAlgorithmsandComplexity(CIAC-2010),whichtookplaceatSapienza,U- versity of Rome, during May 26-28, 2010. The volume contains 30 accepted papers, selected by the Program Comm- tee from 114 submissions received, with an acceptance ratio of 26%. We thank all the authors who submitted papers, the members of the Program Committee and the external reviewers. We are grateful also to the ?ve invited speakers, Ricardo Baeza-Yates (Yahoo! Research), Eran Halperin (Tel Aviv University), Monika Henzinger (EPF Lausanne), Giuseppe F. Italiano (University of Rome Tor Vergata), and Bruce Reed (McGill University), that kindly accepted our invitation to give plenary lectures at the conference. We gratefully acknowledge support from Sapienza, its Department of Computer Science, Yahoo! Research and EATCS. We ?nally would like to thank Saverio Caminiti, Umberto F- raro Petrillo, Emanuele G. Fusco and M. Daniela Salvati for their help in the organization tasks. March 2010 Tiziana Calamoneri Josep D' ?az Conference Organization Steering Committee Giorgio Ausiello Sapienza University of Rome, Italy Giuseppe F.

This book constitutes the joint refereed proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Approximation Algorithms for Combinatorial Optimization Problems, APPROX 2006 and the 10th International Workshop on Randomization and Computation, RANDOM 2006, held in Barcelona, Spain, in August 2006.

The 44 revised full papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 105 submissions. Among the topics covered are design and analysis of approximation algorithms, hardness of approximation problems, small spaces and data streaming algorithms, sub-linear time algorithms, embeddings and metric space methods, mathematical programming methods, coloring and partitioning, cuts and connectivity, game theory, network design and routing, packing and covering, scheduling, design and analysis of randomized algorithms, randomized complexity theory, pseudorandomness, derandomization, random combinatorial structures, Markov chains, prohabalistic proof systems, error-correcting codes, etc.

TAPSOFT '89 is the Third International Joint Conference on Theory and Practice of Software Development held in Barcelona, Spain, March 13-17, 1989. The conference consisted of three parts: - Advanced Seminar on Foundations of Innovative Software Development - Colloquium on Trees in Algebra and Programming (CAAP '89) - Colloquium on Current Issues in Programming Languages (CCIPL) The TAPSOFT '89 Conference Proceedings are published in two volumes. The first volume includes the papers from CAAP plus the more theoretical ones of the invited papers. The second volume comprises the papers from CCIPL and the invited papers more relevant to current issues in programming languages.

TAPSOFT '89 is the Third International Joint Conference on Theory and Practice of Software Development held in Barcelona, Spain, March 13-17, 1989. The conference consissted of three parts: - Advanced Seminar on Foundations of Innovative Software Development - Colloquium on Trees in Algebra and Programming (CAAP '89) - Colloquium on Current Issues in Programming Languages (CCIPL) The TAPSOFT '89 Conference Proceedings are published in two volumes. The first volume includes the papers from CAAP plus the more theoretical ones of the invited papers. The second volume comprises the papers from CCIPL and the invited papers more relevant to current issues in programming languages.

This book is divided into two parts, the first of which seeks to connect the phase transitions of various disciplines, including game theory, and to explore the synergies between statistical physics and combinatorics. Phase Transitions has been an active multidisciplinary field of research, bringing together physicists, computer scientists and mathematicians. The main research theme explores how atomic agents that act locally and microscopically lead to discontinuous macroscopic changes. Adopting this perspective has proven to be especially useful in studying the evolution of random and usually complex or large combinatorial objects (like networks or logic formulas) with respect to discontinuous changes in global parameters like connectivity, satisfiability etc. There is, of course, an obvious strategic element in the formation of a transition: the atomic agents "selfishly" seek to optimize a local parameter. However, up to now this game-theoretic aspect of abrupt, locally triggered changes had not been extensively studied. In turn, the book's second part is devoted to mathematical and computational methods applied to the pricing of financial contracts and the measurement of financial risks. The tools and techniques used to tackle these problems cover a wide spectrum of fields, like stochastic calculus, numerical analysis, partial differential equations, statistics and econometrics. Quantitative Finance is a highly active field of research and is increasingly attracting the interest of academics and practitioners alike. The material presented addresses a wide variety of new challenges for this audience.

Various problems in computer science are 'hard', that is NP-complete, and so not realistically computable; thus in order to solve them they have to be approximated. This book is a survey of the basic techniques for approximating combinatorial problems using parallel algorithms. Its core is a collection of techniques that can be used to provide parallel approximations for a wide range of problems (for example, flows, coverings, matchings, travelling salesman problems, graphs), but in order to make the book reasonably self-contained, the authors provide an introductory chapter containing the basic definitions and results. A final chapter deals with problems that cannot be approximated, and the book is ended by an appendix that gives a convenient summary of the problems described in the book. This is an up-to-date reference for research workers in the area of algorithms, but it can also be used for graduate courses in the subject.