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This book is a translation of the Ruzhany Memorial (Yizkor) Book
that was published in 1957 in Hebrew and Yiddish; it is based upon
the memoirs of former Jewish residents of the town who had left
before the war. Ruzhany, called Rozana in Polish and Ruzhnoy in
Yiddish, is now a small town in Belarus. It was part of Russia at
the time of World War I and Poland afterwards for a short period,
and then the Soviet Union. In 1939, the Jewish population was at
its peak 3,500, comprising 78% of the town's population. In
November 1942, every Jewish resident was murdered by the Nazis and
their collaborators. Founded in the mid-1500s, Jews were welcomed
by the private owner, the Grand Chancellor, Duke Leu Sapeiha. He
valued Jewish settlers who would create a variety of businesses
that would produce profits and generate collectable taxes. They
opened schools, built many small synagogues, and the Great
Synagogue in the main square. In addition they established many
social institutions. The market town thrived. Starting in the early
1900s, many young Jews immigrated to the United States so that the
young men could avoid prolonged conscription into the Czar's army.
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