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Building on recent scholarship that argues for a second-century
date for the book of Acts, Marcion and Luke-Acts explores the
probable context for the authorship not only of Acts but also of
the canonical Gospel of Luke. Noted New Testament scholar Joseph B.
Tyson proposes that both Acts and the final version of the Gospel
of Luke were published at the time when Marcion of Pontus was
beginning to proclaim his version of the Christian gospel, in the
years 120-125 c.e. He suggests that although the author was subject
to various influences, a prominent motivation was the need to
provide the church with writings that would serve in its fight
against Marcionite Christianity. Tyson positions the controversy
with Marcion as a defining struggle over the very meaning of the
Christian message and the author of Luke-Acts as a major
participant in that contest. Suggesting that the primary emphases
in Acts are best understood as responses to the Marcionite
challenge, Tyson looks particularly at the portrait of Paul as a
devoted Pharisaic Jew. He contends that this portrayal appears to
have been formed by the author to counter the Marcionite
understanding of Paul as rejecting both the Torah and the God of
Israel. Tyson also points to stories that involve Peter and the
Jerusalem apostles in Acts as arguments against the Marcionite
claim that Paul was the only true apostle. Tyson concludes that the
author of Acts made use of an earlier version of the Gospel of Luke
and produced canonical Luke by adding, among other things, birth
accounts and postresurrection narratives of Jesus.
The Acts of the Apostles is not history. Acts was long thought to
be a first-century document, and its author Luke to be a disciple
of Paul-thus an eyewitness or acquaintance of eyewitnesses to
nascent Christianity. Acts was considered history, pure and simple.
But the Acts Seminar, a decade-long collaborative project by
scholars affiliated with the Westar Institute, concluded that dates
from the second century. That conclusion directly challenges the
view of Acts as history and raises a host of new questions,
addressed in this final report. The Acts Seminar began
deliberations in 2001, with the task of going through the canonical
Acts of the Apostles from beginning to end and evaluating it for
historical accuracy. Contributors include: Ruben Dupertuis,
Associate Professor of Religion, Trinity University, San Antonio,
Texas; Perry V. Kea, Associate Professor of Biblical Studies,
University of Indianapolis, Indiana; Nina E. Livesey, Assistant
Professor of Religious Studies, University of Oklahoma at Norman;
Dennis R. MacDonald, Professor of New Testament and Christian
Origins, Claremont School of Theology, California; Shelly Matthews,
Associate Professor of New Testament, Brite Divinity School, Texas
Christian University, Fort Worth; Milton Moreland, Associate
Professor of Religious Studies, Rhodes College, Memphis, Tennessee;
Richard I. Pervo, retired, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Thomas E.
Phillips, Dean of Library and Information Services, Claremont
School of Theology, Claremont, California; Christine R. Shea,
Professor of Classics, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana;
William O. Walker, Jr., Jennie Farris Railey King Professor
Emeritus of Religion, Trinity University, San Antonio, Texas.
The death of Jesus is of central importance in all four New
Testament gospels. For centuries much attention and scholarship
have been devoted to both the historical and theological aspects of
this event. Recent years, however, have witnessed new ways of
studying these texts. In The Death of Jesus in Luke-Acts, Joseph B.
Tyson applies literary-critical methods to the two New Testament
writings attributed to Luke. His focus is on the death of Jesus,
the most dramatic segment of the Gospel of Luke and the event of
fundamental significance in Acts. Tyson's clear treatment of Luke's
view of the growing opposition to Jesus from the Jewish leadership
and his discussion of the circumstances that ultimately led to the
crucifixion of Jesus by the Romans provide a deeper understanding
of these two important texts. His careful analysis of the ways in
which Luke differs from Matthew and Mark helps establish Luke's
uniqueness as a literary chronicler of events. The resulting study
offers an original interpretation of Luke's views of the death of
Jesus and makes an important contribution to Lukan and New
Testament scholarship.
In Images of Judaism in Luke-Acts, Joseph B. Tyson addresses the
ways in which Jewish people and religious customs are presented in
the Gospel of Luke and the Acts of the Apostles. These texts
present a wealth of material about Jewish institutions and
practices. But these images of Jews and Judaism were shaped by
theological and historical concerns of communities that
increasingly saw themselves as separate from the Jewish synagogues.
Probing questions about the roots of modern anti-Semitism in
relationship to the New Testament, Tyson concludes that there is a
deep and complex ambivalence in Luke-Acts, making the texts both
profoundly pro-Jewish and anti-Jewish. He maintains that an
appreciation of this fact is essential for understanding Luke-Acts
and in assessing its role in fostering the development of Christian
attitudes toward Jews.
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