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In recent years, there has been increased attention garnered toward
activism in sport within the United States. In 2016, Colin
Kaepernick's activist act of taking a knee during the national
anthem before National Football League games sparked a nationwide
debate on the intersection of sports, race, and politics.
Kaepernick's actions were a part of a long lineage of activism in
and through sport. Prior accounts of African American activism in
and through sport have been limited in the following eight areas:
(1) primarily focused on one type of activism (e.g., symbolic
protests/boycotts); (2) a lack of differentiation between activism
and borderline activist actions (e.g., agency, pioneering, and
advocacy); (3) a lack of emphasis on hybrid resistance; (4) a focus
on athletes and teams versus sportspersons (i.e., media, scholars,
business leaders, and community members) and institutions (i.e.,
historically Black colleges and universities, athletic programs,
and conferences) more broadly; (5) largely focused on one era of
prominent athlete activism in the 1960s; (6) principally excluded
and marginalized the importance of women's role in resistance
efforts (e.g., activism for social change); (7) primarily focused
on activism at the intercollegiate and professional levels with
less attention toward youth and interscholastic levels; and (8) a
lack of theoretically driven analyses of the resistance efforts
exhibited by African American sportspersons, teams, groups,
organizations, and institutions. Instead of exclusively using the
term activism, the author uses the broader encompassing term of
resistance as the focal framework for this text. Resistance is
defined as intentional and/or unintentional actions by individuals,
groups, organizations, and/or institutions that challenge
oppressive systems and ideological hegemony. Using adaptive race-
and ethnicity-centric typologies and interdisciplinary theories,
this book offers a critical analysis of African Americans' intra-
and inter-generational resistance actions where, when, why, and how
sport has been utilized to express their humanity, preserve their
cultural heritages, empower themselves and their communities,
project political views, and pursue freedom, equality, and justice.
Previous critics have documented the damaging effects of the
current exploitative sporting and education structures in the
United States on Black males and the broader Black community.
However, largely missing from scholarly literature and popular
discourses on this topic is a comprehensive analysis of the
heterogeneity among Black male athletes' lived experiences and
outcomes over their lifespans. From Exploitation Back to
Empowerment: Black Male Holistic (Under)Development Through Sport
and (Mis)Education by Joseph N. Cooper addresses three major
issues: (1) the under theorization of Black male athletes'
socialization processes, (2) the preponderance of deficit-based
theories on Black male athletes, and (3) the lack of expansive
analyses of Black male athletes from diverse backgrounds. Grounded
in empirical research, this text outlines five socialization models
of Black male holistic (under)development through sport and
(mis)education. The five socialization models include: (a) illusion
of singular success model (ISSM), (b) elite athlete lottery model
(EALM), (c) transition recovery model (TRM), (d) purposeful
participation for expansive personal growth model (P2EPGM), and (e)
holistic empowerment model (HEM). Using ecological, race-based,
gender-based, psychological, and athletic-based theories, each of
the proposed models incorporates critical sociological insights
whereby multi-level system factors (sub, chrono, macro, exo, meso,
and micro) along with various intersecting identities and
additional background characteristics are taken into account. In
addition, historical, sociocultural, political, and economic
conditions are examined in relation to their influence on Black
males' socialization in and through sport and (mis)education. This
nuanced analysis allows for the development of a systematic
blueprint for Black male athletes' holistic development and more
importantly collective racial and cultural uplift.
Previous critics have documented the damaging effects of the
current exploitative sporting and education structures in the
United States on Black males and the broader Black community.
However, largely missing from scholarly literature and popular
discourses on this topic is a comprehensive analysis of the
heterogeneity among Black male athletes' lived experiences and
outcomes over their lifespans. From Exploitation Back to
Empowerment: Black Male Holistic (Under)Development Through Sport
and (Mis)Education by Joseph N. Cooper addresses three major
issues: (1) the under theorization of Black male athletes'
socialization processes, (2) the preponderance of deficit-based
theories on Black male athletes, and (3) the lack of expansive
analyses of Black male athletes from diverse backgrounds. Grounded
in empirical research, this text outlines five socialization models
of Black male holistic (under)development through sport and
(mis)education. The five socialization models include: (a) illusion
of singular success model (ISSM), (b) elite athlete lottery model
(EALM), (c) transition recovery model (TRM), (d) purposeful
participation for expansive personal growth model (P2EPGM), and (e)
holistic empowerment model (HEM). Using ecological, race-based,
gender-based, psychological, and athletic-based theories, each of
the proposed models incorporates critical sociological insights
whereby multi-level system factors (sub, chrono, macro, exo, meso,
and micro) along with various intersecting identities and
additional background characteristics are taken into account. In
addition, historical, sociocultural, political, and economic
conditions are examined in relation to their influence on Black
males' socialization in and through sport and (mis)education. This
nuanced analysis allows for the development of a systematic
blueprint for Black male athletes' holistic development and more
importantly collective racial and cultural uplift.
This book examines the role of race in athletic programs in the
United States. Intercollegiate athletics remains a contested
terrain where race and racism are critical issues often absent in
the public discourse. Recently, the economic motives of
intercollegiate athletic programs and academic indiscretions have
unveiled behaviors that stand to tarnish the images of institutions
of higher education and reinforce racial stereotypes about the
intellectual inabilities of Black males. Through the lens of
Critical Race Theory (CRT), this volume analyzes sport as the
platform that reflects and reinforces ideas about race within
American culture, as well as the platform where resistance is
forged against dominant racial ideologies.
In "The Case: SBA Failure to Protect 8a Contractor Combating Fraud"
Joseph N. Cooper discusses the serious problem of federal
government contracts designated for small and women or
minority-owned businesses being fraudulently given away to large,
multi-million dollar firms. It is based on the story of the
author's business, J. Cooper & Associates, a small business
that participated in the U.S. Small Business Administration 8(a)
program. His business had acquired an $8-million contract with the
former Immigration and Naturalization Service only to see it
evaporate when a federal contracting officer rescinded the deal and
gave it away to friends who ran a large corporation, which was
neither small nor wholly owned by women or minorities. Cooper
claims J. Walter Thompson, Bernard Hodes and CASS Communications
benefitted from this act. Unlike other small business owners who
witnessed government malfeasance, Cooper took his case to two
courts over a 15-year period to fight for justice. His is the first
and only case of its type to appear in court regarding fraud in
this particular government program. "The Case" is a book that will
inform small business owners and entrepreneurs planning to launch a
business of their own just how easy it is for the federal
government to destroy a small firm. "When entering into an
agreement or contract, one should have a good understanding of the
contract and do not, under any circumstances, do anything that is
asked of you by the contracting officer or program officer until
you get it in writing," Cooper advises. His blistering expose will
give insight into the significant legal hurdles his business had to
clear in order to obtain justice. It shows explicitly how
government contracting offices and courts ignored long-standing
laws and existing regulations. The reader will get the chance to
view the entire legal argument made before the U.S. Federal Claims
Court as well as understand why small businesses have lost over $35
billion in Federal Small Business contracts to big businesses. "The
Case" is an eye-opening book that will shock small business owners
and educate anyone concerned about government fraud in contracting
offices.
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