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Examining the emergence of a European Union telecommunications
policy, Joseph Goodman explains how and why the policy developed as
it did and why certain reforms in the sector were easier to achieve
than others. He provides a history of the key actors in the
policy-making process from the first attempts by the national
postal, telegraph, and telecommunication administrations to
coordinate their telecommunications policies in the 1950s, to the
implementation of a comprehensive EU telecommunications regulatory
structure in 1998 and the development of a new regulatory structure
in 2003. The analytical framework employed by the author draws upon
new institutionalism and actor-based approaches, providing an
opportunity to evaluate the utility of a synthetic approach for
examining and explaining EU policy-making. The focus of his
analysis is on the European Commission's two-pronged strategy of
liberalisation and harmonisation, which began in the late 1980s and
culminated in an important milestone on January 1st 1998, when the
EU Member States fully opened their telecommunications markets to
competition. He concludes that a synthetic approach, which enables
the researcher to apply a number of approaches to multiple settings
and various levels of analysis, is useful - even necessary - in
understanding and explaining the many dimensions of EU
policy-making. This authoritative study will be of interest to all
those in the telecommunications industry - including attorneys,
consultants, and lobbyists - who would like to know how the EU's
policy developed. It will appeal, more generally, to political
scientists and scholars of European history and politics.
The speckle phenomenon is ubiquitous, occurring in all regions of
the electromagnetic spectrum, as well as in both ultrasound and
synthetic-aperture-radar imaging. Speckle occurs whenever radiation
is reflected from a surface that is rough on the scale of a
wavelength, or is passed through a diffusing surface that
introduces random path-length delays on the scale of a wavelength.
This book is devoted to simulation of speckle phenomena using the
software package Mathematica (R). Various techniques for simulating
speckle are discussed. Simulation topics include first-order
amplitude and intensity statistics, speckle phenomena in both
imaging and free-space propagation, speckle at low light levels,
polarization speckle, phase vortices in speckle, and speckle
metrology methods.
The Fourier transform is one of the most important mathematical
tools in a wide variety of science and engineering fields. Its
application - as Fourier analysis or harmonic analysis - provides
useful decompositions of signals into fundamental ('primitive')
components, giving shortcuts in the computation of complicated sums
and integrals, and often revealing hidden structure in the data.
Fourier Transforms: An Introduction for Engineers develops the
basic definitions, properties and applications of Fourier analysis,
the emphasis being on techniques for its application to linear
systems, although other applications are also considered. The book
will serve as both a reference text and a teaching text for a
one-quarter or one-semester course covering the application of
Fourier analysis to a wide variety of signals, including discrete
time (or parameter), continuous time (or parameter), finite
duration, and infinite duration. It highlights the common aspects
in all cases considered, thereby building an intuition from simple
examples that will be useful in the more complicated examples where
careful proofs are not included.Fourier Analysis: An Introduction
for Engineers is written by two scholars who are recognized
throughout the world as leaders in this area, and provides a fresh
look at one of the most important mathematical and directly
applicable concepts in nearly all fields of science and
engineering. Audience: Engineers, especially electrical engineers.
The careful treatment of the fundamental mathematical ideas makes
the book suitable in all areas where Fourier analysis finds
applications.
The field of optics has been accelerating at an unprecedented rate,
due both to the tremendous growth of the field of fiber-optic
communications, and to the improvement of optical materials and
devices. Throughput capabilities of fiber systems are accelerating
faster than Moore's law, the famous growth rate of silicon chip
capability, which has propelled that industry relentlessly over
decades. In addition, new optical storage techniques push the
limits of information density, with an ever decreasing cost per bit
of storage. Economic investment in photonics is at an all-time
high. At the same time, other fields of optics, adaptive optics for
instance, are bringing new capabilities to more classical
applications such as astronomical imaging. New lasers continue to
be developed, with applications in display, sensing, and
biomedicine following at ever-shorter intervals after the initial
discoveries. Given this background, the NATO Mediterranean Dialog
Advanced Research Workshop on Unconventional Optical Elements for
Information Storage, Processing and Communications, held in Israel
on October 19-21, 1998, came at an opportune moment in the history
of optics. Its aim was to overview the current state-of-the-art and
encourage cooperation in the Mediterranean region, with a view to
highlighting and enhancing the existing potential for further
development and innovation. The workshop included participants from
Belgium, France, Germany, Greece, Israel, Italy, Jordan, Morocco,
Portugal, Romania, Russia, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom and
USA.
The field of optics has been accelerating at an unprecedented rate,
due both to the tremendous growth of the field of fiber-optic
communications, and to the improvement of optical materials and
devices. Throughput capabilities of fiber systems are accelerating
faster than Moore's law, the famous growth rate of silicon chip
capability, which has propelled that industry relentlessly over
decades. In addition, new optical storage techniques push the
limits of information density, with an ever decreasing cost per bit
of storage. Economic investment in photonics is at an all-time
high. At the same time, other fields of optics, adaptive optics for
instance, are bringing new capabilities to more classical
applications such as astronomical imaging. New lasers continue to
be developed, with applications in display, sensing, and
biomedicine following at ever-shorter intervals after the initial
discoveries. Given this background, the NATO Mediterranean Dialog
Advanced Research Workshop on Unconventional Optical Elements for
Information Storage, Processing and Communications, held in Israel
on October 19-21, 1998, came at an opportune moment in the history
of optics. Its aim was to overview the current state-of-the-art and
encourage cooperation in the Mediterranean region, with a view to
highlighting and enhancing the existing potential for further
development and innovation. The workshop included participants from
Belgium, France, Germany, Greece, Israel, Italy, Jordan, Morocco,
Portugal, Romania, Russia, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom and
USA.
The Fourier transform is one of the most important mathematical
tools in a wide variety of science and engineering fields. Its
application - as Fourier analysis or harmonic analysis - provides
useful decompositions of signals into fundamental (primitive')
components, giving shortcuts in the computation of complicated sums
and integrals, and often revealing hidden structure in the data.
Fourier Transforms: An Introduction for Engineers develops the
basic definitions, properties and applications of Fourier analysis,
the emphasis being on techniques for its application to linear
systems, although other applications are also considered. The book
will serve as both a reference text and a teaching text for a
one-quarter or one-semester course covering the application of
Fourier analysis to a wide variety of signals, including discrete
time (or parameter), continuous time (or parameter), finite
duration, and infinite duration. It highlights the common aspects
in all cases considered, thereby building an intuition from simple
examples that will be useful in the more complicated examples where
careful proofs are not included. Fourier Analysis: An Introduction
for Engineers is written by two scholars who are recognized
throughout the world as leaders in this area, and provides a fresh
look at one of the most important mathematical and directly
applicable concepts in nearly all fields of science and
engineering. Audience: Engineers, especially electrical engineers.
The careful treatment of the fundamental mathematical ideas makes
the book suitable in all areas where Fourier analysis finds
applications.
The Fourier transform is a ubiquitous tool used in most areas of
engineering and physical sciences. The purpose of this book is
two-fold: (1) to introduce the reader to the properties of Fourier
transforms and their uses, and (2) to introduce the reader to the
program Mathematica® and demonstrate its use in Fourier analysis.
Unlike many other introductory treatments of the Fourier transform,
this treatment will focus from the start on both one-dimensional
and two-dimensional transforms, the latter of which play an
important role in optics and digital image processing, as well as
in many other applications. It is hoped that by the time readers
have completed this book, they will have a basic understanding of
Fourier analysis and Mathematica.
Speckle, a granular structure appearing in images and diffraction
patterns produced by objects that are rough on the scale of an
optical wavelength, is a ubiquitous phenomenon, appearing in
optics, acoustics, microwaves, and other fields. This book provides
comprehensive coverage of this subject, including both the
underlying statistical theory and the applications of this
phenomenon. This second edition offers improvements of several
topics and addition of significant amounts of new material,
including discussion of: generalized random walks, speckle in the
eye, polarization speckle (and the statistics of the Stokes
parameters in a speckle pattern), the effects of angle and
wavelength changes on speckle, the statistics of speckle from
"smooth" surfaces, and a spectrometer based on speckle. Many new
references are also included. As with the first edition, a
multitude of areas of application are covered.
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