"Medical Professionals and the Organization of Knowledge" conveys how medical people shape and organize the knowledge, perception, and experience of illness, as well as the substance of illness behavior, its management, and treatment. It is now well established that the unique symbolic equipment of the human animal is intimately connected with the functioning of the body. Freidson and Lorber believe that the proper understanding of specifically human rather than generally "animal" illness requires careful and systematic study of the social meanings surrounding illness.

The content of social meanings varies from culture to culture and from one historical period to another. As important as the content of those social meanings, is the organization of groups who serve as carriers and, sometimes, creators. In the case of illness, a critical difference exists between those considered to be competent to diagnose and treat the sick and those excluded from this special privilege--a separation as old as the shaman or medicine-man. Such differences become solidified when the expert healer becomes a member of an organized, full-time occupation, sustained in monopoly over the work of diagnosis and treatment by the force of the state and invested with the authority to make official designation of the social meanings to be ascribed to physical states.

The medical profession in advanced nations is in a vise between professional needs and political demands. Its organization and its knowledge establish many of the conditions for being recognizably and legitimately ill, and the professional controls for many of the circumstances of treatment. It thus plays a central role in shaping the experience of being ill. With this fact of modern life in mind, this collection on the character of experts or professionals in general and of medicine as a profession in particular is uniquely fashioned.

Eliot Freidson was professor emeritus of sociology in the Graduate School of Arts and Science of New York University. He served on scientific advisory boards for the Social Security Administration, the National Institutes of Health, and the National Center for Health Services Research.

"Judith Lorber" is a professor emerita of sociology at Brooklyn College and the City College of New York Graduate Center. She is author of "Gender Inequality: Feminist Theories and Politics, Breaking the Bowls: Degendering and Feminist Change," and "Gender and the Social Construction of Illness."

Today, in Western countries, we are seeing both the fragmentation of the gender binary (the division of the social world into two and only two genders) and its persistence. Multiple genders, gender-neutral pronouns and bathrooms, X designations, and other manifestations of degendering are becoming common, and yet the two-gender structure of our social world persists. Underneath the persistence of the binary and its discriminatory norms and expectations lurks the continuance of men’s power and privilege. So there is the continued need to valorize the accomplishments of women, especially those of denigrated groups. This succinct and thoughtful book by one of the world’s foremost sociologists of gender shines a light on both sides of this paradox – processes in the fragmentation of gender that are undermining the binary and processes in the performance of gender that reinforce the binary, and the pros and cons of each. The conclusion of the book discusses why we haven’t had a gender revolution and how degendering would go a long way in creating gender equality.

Judith Lorber and Lisa Jean Moore consider the interface between the social institutions of gender and Western medicine in this brief, lively textbook. They offer a distinct feminist viewpoint to analyze issues of power and politics concerning physical illness. SIGNS labeled the first edition 'a rich and imaginative work.' In the extensively revised second edition of this successful text, the authors add chapters on disability and genital surgeries. They also update and expand their discussions of social epidemiology, AIDS, the health professions, PMS, menopause, and feminist health care. For a creative, feminist-oriented alternative to traditional texts on medical sociology, medical anthropology, and the history of medicine, this is an ideal choice.

In diesem Buch stecken zwei Jahre Schreiben und zwanzig Jahre Nachden ken. 1972 hielt ich mein erstes Seminar zu Geschlechtsrollen ab; das war damals etwas Neues und hiess Male and Fernale in American Society. Ein paar Jahre spater liess ich den Titel in Sociology of Gender andern. Und wie der ein paar Jahre spater fand mein erstes Seminar im Rahmen von Women's Studies statt (Genau genommen gab es schon 1970 eine Vorlauferin zu all dem: eine Hauptvorlesung unter dem Titel- von allen Dingen - Courtship and Marriage). Diese Titel stehen in vielerlei Hinsicht fur bestimmte Etap pen in der Entwicklung des Felds und parallel dazu fur meine eigene intel lektuelle Entwicklung bei der Beschaftigung mit den Beziehungen zwischen Frauen und Mannern, Beziehungen, die wir in den Zeiten von "courtship and marriage" fur selbstverstandlich hielten. Auch die Anfange von Sociologists for Women in Society (sws) liegen zwanzig Jahre zuruck. Fur mich brachte sws nicht nur zahllose intensive Gesprache uber gender mit Frauen, deren Denken ebenfalls im Umbruch begriffen war, sondern auch die Chance der Grundungsherausgeberschaft von Gender & Society in den Jahren 1986 bis 1990. Damit war ich in der Lage, die Entwicklung der feministischen sozialwissenschaftliehen Theorie und Forschung zu fordern. Auch meine eigenen Ideen zu gender, insbesonde re zu seiner sozialen Konstruktion, nahmen in dieser Zeit immer mehr Ge stalt an. Sprachlich spiegelt das nun vorliegende Buch den Stil wider, den ich als Herausgeberin von Gender & Society entwickelt habe."

Mit den Gender-Paradoxien erscheint das wichtigste Buch der in New York lebenden Feministin und Soziologin Judith Lorber in deutscher Sprache. Auf der Grundlage eines sozial-konstruktivistischen Ansatzes zeigt Lorber, wie die Unterschiede zwischen Frauen und Mannern ebenso wie die Unterschiede zwischen Hetero- und Homosexuellen in der sozialen Praxis hergestellt und institutionalisiert werden. Dabei wird Gender als soziale Basis-Institution konzeptualisiert, die - vergleichbar den Institutionen Familie, OEkonomie und Religion - das soziale Leben in allen gesellschaftlichen Bereichen grundlegend strukturiert und pragt. Daruber hinaus nimmt Judith Lorber eine kategoriale Differenzierung zwischen Sex, Sexualitat und Gender vor. Jede dieser Kategorien ist sozial konstruiert, und jede entzieht sich bei genauerer Betrachtung einer binaren Ordnung.Zielsetzung des Buches ist ein Beitrag zur Beseitigung der Ungleichheiten zwischen Mannern und Frauen. "Wenn die gender-Ungleichheit abgeschafft werden soll, mussen die gender entweder in jeder Hinsicht voellig gleichgestellt werden oder gender darf nicht langer eine zentrale soziale Kategorie sein, die bestimmt, welcher soziale Status einem Menschen zugewiesen wird."

This is an excellent and timely addition to the literature on Gender and Women's Studies. Each chapter explores contemporary questions and dilemmas in feminist theory and research, assessing the impacts of past research and feminist actions. Leading scholars discuss such topics as the state of women's and gender studies, feminist epistemology, cultural representations, globalization and the state, families, and work. This book is sure to be an essential resource for gender scholars and students' -" Joan Acker, University of Oregon

"

This breathtakingly broad, interdisciplinary reader demonstrates how widely feminist thinking has spread, how deeply it has shaken settled assumptions in the disciplines and how much new light it throws on contemporary controversies.This volume offers not only a reference manual to what we now know about gender relations as social forces but also gives impetus to future thinking in imaginative and utopian ways about questions of gender, power and knowledge' "- Myra Marx Ferree, University of Wisconsin-Madison

"

This is a timely intervention and highly engaged, thoughtful and scholarly analysis of the state of gender and wmoen's studies in the west by three eminent feminist scholars who have been centrally involved in feminist struggles and scholarship for some time. They have an acute understanding of what matters to feminism and bring together a wide range of essential new readings on gender works and gender troubles. Highly cognisant of the central issues that have fractured, blocked and enhanced western feminism they provide a contextual and political understanding of change and sustained normativity in gender relations. The Handbook ends with a call for gendered trouble making. Following the achievemnent of this handbook, it seems to be the least we as readers can do' - "Professor Bev Skeggs, Goldsmiths College

"

The Handbook gives a pedagogically well structured and thoroughly updated overview over discussions of central issues in contemporary women's and gender studies, including critical studies of men and masculinities. The comprehensiveness and the interdisciplinary range of themes are impressive, and they make the Handbook into a wonderful tool for teachers and students of women's and gender studies. It fulfills an obvious and pressing need for easy accessible overview of the literature. The Handbook strikes a good balance between overview and critically situated analysis, relevant for courses in Women's and Gender Studies on many levels' - "Nina Lykke, Director of Nordic Research School in Interdisciplinary Gender Studies, Linkoeping University

"

Gender and women's studies is one of the most challenging fields within the social sciences- the dynamics of gender relations and the social and cultural implications of gender constructions offer a lively forum of debate.

The Handbook of Gender and Women's Studies presents a comprehensive and engaging review of the most recent developments within the field, including the study of masculinity, the feminist implications of postmodernism, the cultural turn' and globalization. The authors review current research and offer critical analyses of women's and gender studies in work, the welfare state, family, education, religion, violence and war and feminist global politics.

Edited by three leading academics from Europe and the United States, and with 25 chapters written by scholars based throughout the world, the Handbook situates the most important debates in the field within a uniquely international and interdisciplinary context. The Handbook is a useful introduction to gender theory and an exciting starting-point for fresh debates.

--see Sample Chapters & Resources for pdf copies of the Introduction and Chapter Two--

Judith Lorber and Lisa Jean Moore consider the interface between the social institutions of gender and Western medicine in this brief, lively textbook. They offer a distinct feminist viewpoint to analyze issues of power and politics concerning physical illness. SIGNS labeled the first edition 'a rich and imaginative work.' In the extensively revised second edition of this successful text, the authors add chapters on disability and genital surgeries. They also update and expand their discussions of social epidemiology, AIDS, the health professions, PMS, menopause, and feminist health care. For a creative, feminist-oriented alternative to traditional texts on medical sociology, medical anthropology, and the history of medicine, this is an ideal choice.

This comprehensive handbook attempts to summarize the state of gender studies not only by examining the crucial research of the past decade, but by encouraging thinking about how the questions central to studying gender have themselves changed. Building on the work started by the contributors to this volume's predecessor, (Analyzing Gender, Sage 1987), editors Myra Marx Ferree, Judith Lorber, and Beth B. Hess reflect on the advances of gender scholarship during the past decade with its emphasis on all levels of social structure from the most macro to the most individual. Revisioning Gender is a step, albeit a tentative one, toward constructing a new analytical approach for the social sciences, one that calls into question disciplinary boundaries and the specific agendas that may be entailed within them. The editors, and the contributors to this important volume, illustrate how the use of gender by scholars in various and overlapping fields of study has helped alter concepts and research designs. The goal of this volume is to present, and encourage, the debates that advance the study of social science.

In this pathbreaking book, a well-known feminist and sociologist-who is also the Founding Editor of Gender & Society-challenges our most basic assumptions about gender. Judith Lorber views gender as wholly a product of socialization subject to human agency, organization, and interpretation. In her new paradigm, gender is an institution comparable to the economy, the family, and religion in its significance and consequences. Drawing on many schools of feminist scholarship and on research from anthropology, history, sociology, social psychology, sociolinguistics, and cultural studies, Lorber explores different paradoxes of gender: -why we speak of only two "opposite sexes" when there is such a variety of sexual behaviors and relationships; -why transvestites, transsexuals, and hermaphrodites do not affect the conceptualization of two genders and two sexes in Western societies; -why most of our cultural images of women are the way men see them and not the way women see themselves; -why all women in modern society are expected to have children and be the primary caretaker; -why domestic work is almost always the sole responsibility of wives, even when they earn more than half the family income; -why there are so few women in positions of authority, when women can be found in substantial numbers in many occupations and professions; -why women have not benefited from major social revolutions. Lorber argues that the whole point of the gender system today is to maintain structured gender inequality-to produce a subordinate class (women) that can be exploited as workers, sexual partners, childbearers, and emotional nurturers. Calling into question the inevitability and necessity of gender, she envisions a society structured for equality, where no gender, racial ethnic, or social class group is allowed to monopolize economic, educational, and cultural resources or the positions of power.

Lorber argues that it is time to rebel against gender as a social institution to challenge its basic processes and practices. Feminists have tried to restructure and change the dynamics of interaction between women and men, but they have not pushed their agenda to the point of calling for the abolition of gender boundaries and categories. Breaking the Bowls explores why undoing gender must be the ultimate feminist goal and how that goal can be reached. Breaking the Bowls is part of the Contemporary Societies series."