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Randomized clinical trials (RCTs) are often referred to as the
"gold standard" of clinical research. However, in its current
state, the U.S. clinical trials enterprise faces substantial
challenges to the efficient and effective conduct of research.
Streamlined approaches to RCTs, such as large simple trials (LSTs),
may provide opportunities for progress on these challenges.
Clinical trials support the development of new medical products and
the evaluation of existing products by generating knowledge about
safety and efficacy in pre- and post-marketing settings and serve
to inform medical decision making and medical product development.
Although well-designed and -implemented clinical trials can provide
robust evidence, a gap exists between the evidence needs of a
continuously learning health system, in which all medical decisions
are based on the best available evidence, and the reality, in which
the generation of timely and practical evidence faces significant
barriers. Large Simple Trials and Knowledge Generation in a
Learning Health System is the summary of a workshop convened by the
Institute of Medicine's Roundtable on Value & Science-Driven
Health Care and the Forum on Drug Discovery, Development, and
Translation. Experts from a wide range of disciplines-including
health information technology, research funding, clinical research
methods, statistics, patients, product development, medical product
regulation, and clinical outcomes research-met to marshal a better
understanding of the issues, options, and approaches to
accelerating the use of LSTs. This publication summarizes
discussions on the potential of LSTs to improve the speed and
practicality of knowledge generation for medical decision making
and medical product development, including efficacy and
effectiveness assessments, in a continuously learning health
system. Large Simple Trials and Knowledge Generation in a Learning
Health System explores acceleration of the use of LSTs to improve
the speed and practicality of knowledge generation for medical
decision making and medical product development; considers the
concepts of LST design, examples of successful LSTs, the relative
advantages of LSTs, and the infrastructure needed to build LST
capacity as a routine function of care; identifies structural,
cultural, and regulatory barriers hindering the development of an
enhanced LST capacity; discusses needs and strategies in building
public demand for and participation in LSTs; and considers
near-term strategies for accelerating progress in the uptake of
LSTs in the United States. Table of Contents Front Matter 1
Introduction 2 Large Simple Trials Now and Looking Forward 3
Examples of Large Simple Trials 4 Medical Product Regulatory Issues
5 Infrastructure Needs and Opportunities 6 Ethical and Privacy
Policy Issues 7 Research Partner Perspectives 8 The Randomized
Evaluations of Accepted Choices in Treatment Trials 9 Strategies
Going Forward Appendix A: Workshop Agenda Appendix B: Biographical
Sketches of Speakers
Health care quality and its affordability have become very pressing
issues in the United States. All sectors of the country are
attempting to push forward initiatives that will improve the health
care system as well as the health of the American population in
general. Despite the economical dedication to health care, about
1/5, the system remains uneven and fragmented, patient harm is
quite common, care is often uncoordinated, and many more mishaps
occur. There exists many obstacles to improve the nation's health
care system; these include the capacity to reliably and
consistently measure progress. In 2006 the Institute of Medicine
(IOM) established the Roundtable on Value & Science-Driven
Health Care which has since accelerated the development of a
learning health system- one in which science, informatics,
incentives, and culture are aligned to create a continuous learning
loop. This learning loop would thus help make the health care
system better. In response, the IOM organized a 2-day workshop to
explore in depth the core measurement needs for population health,
health care quality, and health care costs. The workshop hoped to
gain a full understanding of how to improve the nation's
measurement capacity to track progress in the health care system.
Having this knowledge would help the nation get one step closer to
the creation of an efficient learning loop. The workshop was
divided into a series of sessions that focused on different aspects
of measurement. Core Measurement Needs for Better Care, Better
Health, and Lower Costs: Counting What Counts: Workshop Summary
includes explanations and key details for these sessions: Vision,
Current Measurement Capabilities, Specifying the Shape of a Core
Metric Set, and Implementation. The report also features common
themes within these areas, the workshop agenda, and information
about those involved. Table of Contents Front Matter 1 Introduction
2 Vision 3 Current Measurement Capabilities 4 Core Metrics Sets in
Use 5 Specifying the Shape of a Core Metrics Set 6 Implementation 7
Building the Infrastructure 8 Common Themes Appendix A:
Biographical Sketches of Speakers and Planning Committee Appendix
B: Workshop Agenda Appendix C: Workshop Participants
Digital health data are the lifeblood of a continuous learning
health system. A steady flow of reliable data is necessary to
coordinate and monitor patient care, analyze and improve systems of
care, conduct research to develop new products and approaches,
assess the effectiveness of medical interventions, and advance
population health. The totality of available health data is a
crucial resource that should be considered an invaluable public
asset in the pursuit of better care, improved health, and lower
health care costs. The ability to collect, share, and use digital
health data is rapidly evolving. Increasing adoption of electronic
health records (EHRs) is being driven by the implementation of the
Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health
(HITECH) Act, which pays hospitals and individuals incentives if
they can demonstrate that they use basic EHRs in 2011. Only a third
had access to the basic features necessary to leverage this
information for improvement, such as the ability to view laboratory
results, maintain problem lists, or manage prescription ordering.
In addition to increased data collection, more organizations are
sharing digital health data. Data collected to meet federal
reporting requirements or for administrative purposes are becoming
more accessible. Efforts such as Health.Data.gov provide access to
government datasets for the development of insights and software
applications with the goal of improving health. Within the private
sector, at least one pharmaceutical company is actively exploring
release of some of its clinical trial data for research by others.
Digital Data Improvement Priorities for Continuous Learning in
Health and Health Care: Workshop Summary summarizes discussions at
the March 2012 Institute of Medicine (2012) workshop to identify
and characterize the current deficiencies in the reliability,
availability, and usability of digital health data and consider
strategies, priorities, and responsibilities to address such
deficiencies. Table of Contents Front Matter 1 Introduction 2 Data
Quality Challenges and Opportunities in a Learning Health System 3
Digital Health Data Uses: Leveraging Data for Better Health 4
Issues and Opportunities in the Emergence of Large Health-Related
Datasets 5 Innovations Emerging in the Clinical Data Utility 6
Strategies Going Forward Appendix A: Speaker Biographies Appendix
B: Workshop Agenda
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