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Since the discovery in 1921 of ferroelectric properties in Rochelle
salt by Valasek, no new ferroelectric material was found until
Busch and Scherrer in Switzerland in 1935 discovered
ferroelectricity in Potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP). However,
during the Second World War, researchers in the US in 1943
discovered ferroelectric materials such as BaTiO3 having
ferroelectric properties well above room temperature, that led to
an explosion of research after the war in Western and Central
Europe, Russia, and Japan, because of their promising and potential
applications.This book gives an overview of relevant experimental
and theoretical work in ferroelectricity. It is organized into
three Sections, corresponding to three time periods. The first
(1921-1960) includes early work by Valasek, works by Busch and
Scherrer, Mason and Mattias, Shirane and Takeda, ending with
theoretical work by Cochran on crystal stability and the soft mode
theory of ferroelectricity. The second one (1961-2002) includes a
number of experimental and theoretical publications on
ferroelectric materials and ferroelectric transitions. The number
of international meetings began to increase, and the number of
papers increased exponentially. New subfields at that time included
ferroelectric liquid crystals, thin films, dipolar glasses and
relaxors.The last and final section (2002-2021) includes more
recent publications on fundamental structural studies, neutron
diffraction work on PZT, quantum tunneling and zero-point energy in
ferroelectrics, investigations on the anomalous temperature
dependence behavior of liquid water and other recent
developments.The book will be a useful compendium on ferroelectrics
for materials scientists, and/or PhD graduate students on
ferroelectrics all around the world.
Beginning with the famous Olber's paradox, a number of cosmological
paradoxes, such as the missing mass, dark energy, and the
baryon-to-photon ratio, have been and are today the subject of many
scientific controversies. The Big Bang model, anticipated by
Lemaitre in 1927 and reformulated twenty years later by Gamow,
Alpher and Herman, is one of the most spectacular successes in the
entire history of physics. It remains today surrounded by
considerable theoretical speculation without sufficient
observational support.
This book discusses such paradoxes in depth with physical and
logical content and historical perspective, and has not much
technical content in order to serve a wide audience.
Beginning with the famous Olber's paradox, a number of cosmological
paradoxes, such as the missing mass, dark energy, and the
baryon-to-photon ratio, have been and are today the subject of many
scientific controversies. The Big Bang model, anticipated by
Lemaitre in 1927 and reformulated twenty years later by Gamow,
Alpher and Herman, is one of the most spectacular successes in the
entire history of physics. It remains today surrounded by
considerable theoretical speculation without sufficient
observational support.
This book discusses such paradoxes in depth with physical and
logical content and historical perspective, and has not much
technical content in order to serve a wide audience.
'Cosmic Paradoxes' was an outcome of a Conference-Summer Course on
'Astrophysical Cosmology: Frontier Questions' held at El Escorial,
Madrid, on August 16-19, 1993. The Scientific Directors were John C
Mather, Director of NASA's COBE (Cosmic Background Radiation
Explorer), and Jose M Torroja, Secretary of the Spanish Academy of
Sciences. Julio A Gonzalo, UAM, was in charge of coordinating the
event. The first speaker was Ralph A Alpher, one of the pioneers
who predicted very early the CBR (Cosmic Background Radiation). The
CBR was observed by A Penzias and R Wilson, Bell Telephone Labs, in
1965. Thereafter it was measured with unprecedented precision by
the COBE in 1989, characterizing the Planck spectral distribution
of the CBR (J C Mather) and detecting its minute anisotropies (G
Smoot). In 2003 the WMAP, NASA's satellite successor of the COBE,
confirmed COBE's results, and gave an excellent quantitative
estimate of the 'age' of the universe as 13.7 +/- 0.2 Gyrs, in
support of the Big Bang theory of cosmic origins.In the Third
Edition of this book, almost coincident with the launch reports of
NASA's James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), includes recent work
discussing evidence in favor of an open finite universe. A further
discussion of the Heisenberg-Lemaitre time (Appendix D) takes into
consideration that the cosmic expansion velocity at very early
times is R(yHL) c and reviews in more detail the thermal history of
the universe.
'Cosmic Paradoxes' was an outcome of a Conference-Summer Course on
'Astrophysical Cosmology: Frontier Questions' held at El Escorial,
Madrid, on August 16-19, 1993. The Scientific Directors were John C
Mather, Director of NASA's COBE (Cosmic Background Radiation
Explorer), and Jose M Torroja, Secretary of the Spanish Academy of
Sciences. Julio A Gonzalo, UAM, was in charge of coordinating the
event. The first speaker was Ralph A Alpher, one of the pioneers
who predicted very early the CBR (Cosmic Background Radiation). The
CBR was observed by A Penzias and R Wilson, Bell Telephone Labs, in
1965. Thereafter it was measured with unprecedented precision by
the COBE in 1989, characterizing the Planck spectral distribution
of the CBR (J C Mather) and detecting its minute anisotropies (G
Smoot). In 2003 the WMAP, NASA's satellite successor of the COBE,
confirmed COBE's results, and gave an excellent quantitative
estimate of the 'age' of the universe as 13.7 +/- 0.2 Gyrs, in
support of the Big Bang theory of cosmic origins.In the Third
Edition of this book, almost coincident with the launch reports of
NASA's James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), includes recent work
discussing evidence in favor of an open finite universe. A further
discussion of the Heisenberg-Lemaitre time (Appendix D) takes into
consideration that the cosmic expansion velocity at very early
times is R(yHL) c and reviews in more detail the thermal history of
the universe.
Beginning with the famous Olber's paradox, paradoxes such as the
missing mass, dark energy, baryon to photon ratio and cosmic
zero-point energy are examined in detail. The Heisenberg-Lemaitre's
units, based on the total enormous but finite mass of the Universe,
are introduced and rigorous solutions of Einstein's cosmological
equations for an open Universe with cosmological constant are
obtained. Energy conservation after the Big Bang is consistently
required.This book discusses such paradoxes in depth with physical
and logical content and historical perspective, and has not too
technical content in order to serve a wide audience. In the second
edition, the content is updated and new sections are added.
Beginning with the famous Olber's paradox, paradoxes such as the
missing mass, dark energy, baryon to photon ratio and cosmic
zero-point energy are examined in detail. The Heisenberg-Lemaitre's
units, based on the total enormous but finite mass of the Universe,
are introduced and rigorous solutions of Einstein's cosmological
equations for an open Universe with cosmological constant are
obtained. Energy conservation after the Big Bang is consistently
required.This book discusses such paradoxes in depth with physical
and logical content and historical perspective, and has not too
technical content in order to serve a wide audience. In the second
edition, the content is updated and new sections are added.
World Population: Past, Present, & Future uses a
multidisciplinary approach to investigate in depth on important
aspects of the evolution of world population not well addressed
previously. The authors from the Universidad Autonoma, Madrid
(Spain), professors Julio A Gonzalo, Manuel Alfonseca, and
Felix-Fernando Munoz, point out that the recent pronounced growth
in world population (accompanied by an even more pronounced growth
in agricultural production) was due mainly to the increase of life
expectancy and not to the (inexistent) growth in fertility rate.
Using a 'rate equations' approach for the first time, they describe
population trends and forecast the possibility of steps up (or
down) in population rather than the exponential growth predicted by
UN demographers around 1985 and thereafter. This book provides a
new perspective that our planet is not overpopulated and could, in
fact, house a considerably larger population.
The aim of this book is to analyze the all important implications
of Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle for a finite universe with
very large mass-energy content such as ours. The earlier and main
contributors to the formulation of Quantum Mechanics are briefly
reviewed regarding the formulation of Heisenberg's Principle. After
discussing "indeterminacy" versus "uncertainty", the universal
constants of physics are reviewed and Planck's units are given.
Next, a novel set of units, Heisenberg-Lemaitre units, are defined
in terms of the large finite mass of the universe. With the help of
Heisenberg's principle, the time evolution of the finite zero-point
energy for the universe is investigated quantitatively. Next,
taking advantage of the rigorous solutions of Einstein's
cosmological equation for a flat, open and mixed universe of finite
mass, the most recent and accurate data on the "age" (to) and the
expansion rate (Ho) of the universe and their implications are
reconsidered.
This book provides realistic answers to hotly debated scientific
topics: Science is about quantitative aspects of natural realities
(physical, chemical, biological) but it is the result of human
intellectual inquiry and therefore not "per se" materialistic. This
book, with contributions from experts in physics, cosmology,
mathematics, engineering, biology and genetics, covers timely and
relevant topics such as the origin of the universe, the origin of
life on Earth, the origin of man (intelligent life) and the origin
of science.
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