Industry 4.0 is changing how we manage operations to drive systems more intelligently. Technologies and applications are rapidly evolving. Disruptive technologies, such as artificial intelligence, big data, cloud computing and digital twin, are shaking up different industries and have motivated us to revisit engineering and management tools for improving system design, efficiency, effectiveness, reliability, and responsiveness. While these emerging technologies have powered new applications, novel industrial engineering methodologies are required to achieve the goals. Industrial Engineering was sprouted from major engineering disciplines that called for better professional understanding of industrialization. Ever since, the discipline of Industrial Engineering has been the star role player in confronting emerging industries; be it manufacturing, service, high tech products, outer space technology, information technology, industrial policy, ergonomics, and now the world’s greatest concern, sustainable development. This book presents the state-of-the-art in industrial engineering research from different countries and cities around the globe. The book covers a wide range of topics in industrial engineering, including: Demand Chain Management, E-business / Information Technology, Evolutionary Algorithm, Green Manufacturing/Management, Health Care Systems and more.

Photocatalysis is considered by many as the most promising solution for energy and environment problems. Among all the photocatalysts available, titanium dioxide remains one of the most studied for decades. Reducing its bandgap via doping is crucial to harvest visible-light, which accounts for 48% of the total solar energy. In addition, it is very important to keep the particle size small to avoid recombination of the photo-generated electrons and holes. In this book, nano-scaled metal and / or non-metal elements have been used as dopants to modify the electronic structure of TiO2. X-ray diffraction patterns (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-DRS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) have been used to obtain detailed information of the crystal structure, light-absorbing property, organic remains, particle appearance, size distribution and elemental compositions, respectively. Preliminary data indicates that the electronic structure of TiO2 has been effectively reduced to render visible-light reactivity.