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Most of the untreated surfaces of polymers used in industry are not
hydrophilic but hydrophobic. It is, therefore, difficult to bond
these nonpolar polymer sur faces directly to other substances like
adhesives, printing inks, and paints because they generally consist
of polar compounds. On the other hand, polymer surfaces generally
adsorb proteins when brought into direct contact with a bio logical
system, resulting in cell attachment or platelet aggregation. The
protein adsorption and attachment of biological components trigger
a subsequent series of mostly adverse biological reactions toward
the polymeric materials. Therefore, the technologies for surface
modification of polymers or regulation of the polymer surface
interaction with other substances have been of prime importance in
polymer applications from the advent of polymer industries. Some of
the technologies have been directed to introduction of new function
alities onto polymer surfaces. The new functionalities introduced
include improved surface hydrophilicity, hydrophobicity, bio
compatibility, conductivi ty, anti-fogging, anti-fouling, grazing,
surface hardness, surface roughness, adhesion, lubrication, and
antistatic property. Theoretically, there is a large dif ference in
properties between the surface and the bulk of a material and only
the outermost surface is enough to be taken into consideration when
the sur face properties are concerned. However, this is not the
case for polymer surfaces, as the physical structure of the
outermost polymer surface is generally not fixed but continuously
changing with time due to the microscopic Brownian motion of
polymer segments."
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