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The productive work of widely distributed academic research has
contributed substantially, over the postwar period, to important
advances in our understanding. It has also offered a clearer
recognition of many unresolved problems. Never theless, the
progress achieved over the last decades, ex hibited by the
systematic application of "theory" to actual issues and observable
problems, could not overcome a per vasive sense of dissatisfaction.
Some academic endeavors pursued within a traditional range of
economic analysis have appeared increasingly remote from broad
social issues, motivating the social and intellectual unrest
experienced in recent years. Conditioned by the traditional use of
economic analysis, many have naturally concluded that the "most
relevant" social issues agitating our times are beyond the reach of
economics. Purist advocates of a traditional view thus condemn any
extension of economic analysis to social issues as an escape into
"ideology." Others argue the need for an "interdisciplinary
approach" involving sociology, social psychology, or anthropology
as necessary strands in a useful understanding of social,
institutional, and human problems of contemporary societies. We
note here, in par ticular, the subtle attraction inherent in
Marxian thought. It appears to offer a unified approach, with a
coherent inter pretation, to all matters and aspects of human
society, in cluding even nature."
The fateful days of the great stock market crash entered modem
history almost 50 years ago to this day. The cyclic turning point
of the U. S. economy oc curred, however, around June 1929, and
economic activity receded substantial ly over the subsequent
months. The onset of an economic downswing thus became clearly
visible before the famous crash. But the October event stays in the
public's mind as the symbol of the Great Depression. For nearly
four years, until the spring of 1933, the U. S. economy plunged
into a deep reces sion. Activity declined, prices fell, and there
emerged a massive unemploy ment problem. The economy ultimately
overcame this shock in 1933. Prices rose rapidly in spite of
substantial margins of unusual resources. Activity ex panded, but
occasionally at a somewhat hesitant rate. The expansion, however,
was interrupted by another recession of major proportions during
1937-38. The tragic sequence of events shaped public consciousness
and influenced new approaches and views in economic policymaking.
The activist approach to "stabilization policy" and a wide range of
regulatory policies were essentially justified in terms of this
experience. These policies were crucially influenced by our
understanding and interpretation of the Great Depression. The view
of a radically unstable economic process perennially on the edge of
serious collapse gained wide popularity and became a central
element of the Keynesian tradi- 2 INTRODUCTION tion. It encouraged,
with supplementary interpretations, an interventionist and
expanding role of the government in our economic affairs."
Klaus-Peter Schwarz, lAG President The University of Calgary The
Scientific Assembly of the International Association of Geodesy
(lAG) was held from September 3 to 9, 1997 in Rio de Janeiro,
Brazil, in conjunction with the 18th Brazilean Congress of
Carthography. This was the first time that one ofthe major lAG
meetings took place in Brazil. It provided an opportunity to
showcase the progress of geodetic work in South America through
campaigns such as SIRGAS. It also provided an opportunity for a
large group of international experts to present the state of the
art in ge- odesy and geodynamis and to interact with their hosts on
possibilities of future coopera- tion. For the lAG, it continued a
trend, started in Beijing four years ago, to hold major geodetic
meetings outside of Europe and North America. The International
Geoid School which was held in Sao Paulo following this meeting
showed another facet of this grow- ing internationalization ofIAG
activities and services. The scientific program of the meeting
consisted of three symposia and two special ses- sions, namely
Symposium 1 : Advances in Positioning and Reference Frames
Symposium 2: Gravity and Geoid Symposium 3: Geodynamics Special
Session 1: lAG Services Special Session 2: Geodesy in Antartica.
Papers presented at the first symposium are published in volume 1
of these proceedings, while papers of symposia 2 and 3 as well as
special session 2 are contained in volume 2. Papers presented at
special session 1 will be published separately.
Klaus-Peter Schwarz, lAG President The University of Calgary The
Scientific Assembly of the International Association of Geodesy
(lAG) was held from September 3 to 9, 1997 in Rio de Janeiro,
Brazil, in conjunction with the 18th Brazilean Congress of
Carthography. This was the first time that one ofthe major lAG
meetings took place in Brazil. It provided an opportunity to
showcase the progress of geodetic work in South America through
campaigns such as SIRGAS. It also provided an opportunity for a
large group of international experts to present the state of the
art in ge- odesy and geodynamis and to interact with their hosts on
possibilities of future coopera- tion. For the lAG, it continued a
trend, started in Beijing four years ago, to hold major geodetic
meetings outside of Europe and North America. The International
Geoid School which was held in Sao Paulo following this meeting
showed another facet of this grow- ing internationalization ofIAG
activities and services. The scientific program of the meeting
consisted of three symposia and two special ses- sions, namely
Symposium 1 : Advances in Positioning and Reference Frames
Symposium 2: Gravity and Geoid Symposium 3: Geodynamics Special
Session 1: lAG Services Special Session 2: Geodesy in Antartica.
Papers presented at the first symposium are published in volume 1
of these proceedings, while papers of symposia 2 and 3 as well as
special session 2 are contained in volume 2. Papers presented at
special session 1 will be published separately.
This selection of papers emphasizes the advances in the field and
covers a wide range of topics in geophysics, geodynamics, and
oceanography to which modern geodesy is contributing.
This study offers a systematic analysis of basic questions relating
to equitable income taxation. Of course, a definite solution,
resting on scientific arguments, cannot be expected for this
important field of government activity. However, what is possible,
is an exhaustive dis cussion of various aspects of equitable income
taxation, thus preparing the ground for reasonable political
decisions. I hope that the present book will contribute to this
continuing discus sion, presenting results from modern
social-choice theory and optimum taxation theory in order to gain
further insights into the problem of income taxation. On a
fundamental level, social-choice theory is applied in order to in
vestigate the normative foundation of different tax rules. Arrow's
im possibility theorem forms the starting point of the analysis; as
was shown by recent contributions to social-choice theory, this
impossibi lity result can be overcome if various degrees of
interpersonal utility comparisons are admitted. Using this
approach, one can work out the general norms of equity behind
familiar tax rules. As a special point, the traditional principle
of equal proportional sacrifice will be given a social-choice
theoretic foundation in this book. The second level on which tax
rules can be discussed, concerns their respective consequences in
concrete taxation models. TWo such models are specified in this
study, the first one takes gross income of the taxpayers as given,
it is contrasted with the second, more complex mod el, where the
individual labour-leisure decision is taken into account.
It is a very special honour for me to be able to present this
handbook of medical oncology, which under diverse headings and
origins covers such a vast spectrum of experience. I be lieve the
reader will be struck in particular by the impressive volume of
information available, especially with regard to childhood tumours,
which represent, today, an immense "lab oratory of hope". It is in
this very field that we oncologists have been able to obtain the
most consoling results in recent years. I feel sure that all those
who read these chapters will find that their oncological competence
is enriched and also in a certain sense that their wish to
contribute to progress in can cer research and treatment has been
renewed. In conclusion, my most heartfelt congratulations go to the
authors for the excellent job they have done, as well as my ad
miration for having been able to concentrate so much pre cious and
innovative information into so little space. Umberto Veronesi
Preface Since 1976, the VICC has been holding chemotherapy courses
in all parts of the world, excluding North America and Australia.
The Manual of Cancer Chemotherapy, origi nally devised as a
didactic tool to be used by course partici pants, expanded itself
in the successive editions to a compre hensive, although schematic,
textbook of medical oncology.
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