Catholic or Protestant, recusant or godly rebel, early modern women reinvented their spiritual and gendered spaces during the reformations in religion in England during the sixteenth century and beyond. These essays explore the ways in which some Englishwomen struggled to erase, rewrite, or reimagine their religious and gender identities.

These proceedings fonn the outcome of an International Conference on "Impacts of Global change on Tree Physiology and Forest Ecosystems ", held from 26-29 November 1996, at Wageningen, The Netherlands. The conference brought together biologists, ecologists, and forest scientist working in the field of impacts of elevated CO and air pollution on tree physiology and forest ecosystems, and marked the 2 completion of a European COST action on "Impacts of Elevated C02 levels and Air Pollutants on Tree Physiology" (ICAT / COST-614), as well as the conclusion of the frrst phase of an EU-funded project entitled "Long-Term Effects of C02 and Climate Change on European Forests (LTEEF) ", that was carried out under the Environment and Climate Programme of the 4th Framework Programme (contract no's EV5V-CT94-0468 and PECOINIS-CT94-0112). The conference aimed to present an overview of current knowledge of effects of air pollution and climate change, at the biophysical, biochemical and physiological level of trees, against the background of climatic conditions and natural stresses. For the proceedings, we have asked the authors to provide an overview of their recent work, providing an entrance to a particular field of research rather than presenting unpublished material. The meeting took place at the International Agricultural Centre (lAC) with fmancial support provided by the COST-614 secretariat in Brussels. We like to thank mrs. A. van der Bunte of lAC for her support in organising the meeting, mr. A. J. H.

It is generally appreciated that large congresses are not the optimal means of facilitating communication within specialized areas of medical research. Small symposia, where scientific discussion can be confined to limited groups, have lately become successful vehicles of information transfer. However, such symposia, although eminently suited to the exploration of specific problems, often have the llherent'disadvantage of not being able to successfully address themselves to larger themes. Accordingly, the planners of this symposium have solicited the parti- cipation of internationally acclaimed investigators to consider current problems both in the physiological and clinical domains of nephrology. The observant reader will note that the variety of theoretical and experi- mental approaches used by the physiologists are reflected in the clinical studies, while the clinicians, in turn, have provided the physiologists with useful insights. The part of the symposium which attempted to correlate metabolic characteristics of kidney cells with their transport functions has proven to be particularly fruitful. For example, the presentations dealing with aldosterone, angiotensin and diuretics have offered a multi-faceted approach that was previously unavailable. The contributions of investigators from many countries and their enthusiastic participation have led to the success of this symposium. To them we wish to express our deep gratitude. We also wish to sincerely thank Dr. K. H. BEYER, Senior Vice President of Merck, Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, and Dr. H. F. HOFMANN, Director of Medical Research of Sharp & Dohme GmbH for their full support and their constant attention to our many requests.

These proceedings fonn the outcome of an International Conference on "Impacts of Global change on Tree Physiology and Forest Ecosystems ", held from 26-29 November 1996, at Wageningen, The Netherlands. The conference brought together biologists, ecologists, and forest scientist working in the field of impacts of elevated CO and air pollution on tree physiology and forest ecosystems, and marked the 2 completion of a European COST action on "Impacts of Elevated C02 levels and Air Pollutants on Tree Physiology" (ICAT / COST-614), as well as the conclusion of the frrst phase of an EU-funded project entitled "Long-Term Effects of C02 and Climate Change on European Forests (LTEEF) ", that was carried out under the Environment and Climate Programme of the 4th Framework Programme (contract no's EV5V-CT94-0468 and PECOINIS-CT94-0112). The conference aimed to present an overview of current knowledge of effects of air pollution and climate change, at the biophysical, biochemical and physiological level of trees, against the background of climatic conditions and natural stresses. For the proceedings, we have asked the authors to provide an overview of their recent work, providing an entrance to a particular field of research rather than presenting unpublished material. The meeting took place at the International Agricultural Centre (lAC) with fmancial support provided by the COST-614 secretariat in Brussels. We like to thank mrs. A. van der Bunte of lAC for her support in organising the meeting, mr. A. J. H.

This little book was assembled from the authors' lectures to medical students and was originally published as one volume in the series Human Physiology, edited by O. H. Gauer, K. Kramer, and R. Jung. The editors intended that each volume in this series be independent of the others and we have kept to this purpose. We have included here only material that we feel is necessary for medical students to know in order to understand kidney function in health and, by later extrapolation, in disease. The contents rest on accepted principles estab lished by experiments, and little space is given to what is controversial, hypo thetical, or unresolved. We are pleased that Dr. Coxon has been motivated to prepare an English language version of this text. We hope that it will serve as a ready reference and review source for the beleaguered medical student. P. Deetjen J. W. Boylan K."

Catholic or Protestant, recusant or godly rebel, early modern women reinvented their spiritual and gendered spaces during the reformations in religion in England during the sixteenth century and beyond. These essays explore the ways in which some Englishwomen struggled to erase, rewrite, or reimagine their religious and gender identities.

29 Seite G. Die Wirkung einiger Substanzen auf den glatten Muskel. 104 a) Ionen . . . 104 b) Acetylcholin . 106 c) Adrenalin. . . 108 d) Steroidhormone 110 e) Herzglykoside . 112 Litera tur . . . . . 113 Einleitung Unsere Kenntnisse uber die Funktion des glatten Muskels sind zweifellos weniger vollstandig als diejenigen uber die Tatigkeit des quergestreiften Mus- kels. Sowohl die contractilen Eiweisse, wie die Mechanik und die Elektro- physiologie sind beim glatten Muskel weniger intensiv bearbeitet worden als beim Skeletmuskel. Deshalb sind gewisse Gebiete der Glattmuskelphysiologie gegenwartig noch mehr im Zustand einer qualitativen als einer quantitativen Beschreibung. Die Grunde fur die Vernachlassigung des glatten Muskels waren sicher lange Zeit in technischen Schwierigkeiten zu suchen. So ist es z. B. nicht leicht, fur jede Art glatten Muskels genugende Mengen zur chemischen Untersuchung frei von anderen Bestandteilen zu erhalten. Die Anwendung der Mikroelektrodentechnik, welche die Physiologie des quer- gestreiften und des Herzmuskels entscheidend gefoerdert hat, ist beim glatten Muskel schwierig, die Isolierung einzelner Fasern unmoeglich. Viel mehr noch als die methodischen haben wohl die gedanklichen Schwierigkeiten, welche bei der Betrachtung der einfachsten funktionellen AEusserungen des glatten Muskels auftauchen, die Untersucher abgeschreckt. Das kaprizioese Verhalten des glatten Muskels ist sprichwoertlich. Jeder Adept, der zum ersten Mal einen glatten Muskel seine Kontraktionen registrieren lasst, glaubt nicht, dass das Spiel des Schreibhebels etwas anderes als das Produkt wusten Zufalls sein koenne.