This contributed volume comprises of detailed chapters covering the biotechnological approaches employed for the removal of toxic recalcitrant xenobiotics such as petroleum hydrocarbons, textile dyes, microplastics and synthetic polymers that pose serious threat to the environment. It also includes the waste to energy conversion strategies that provides a deep insight on the need for waste circular economy for different developing countries and its implication on sustainable development goals such as SDG 12 (responsible consumption and production) SDG 14 (Life below water); and SDG 15 (Life on land). Emerging pollutants sourced from both industries and anthropogenic activity have created havoc in recent years for public health and destruction of biodiversity at multiple levels. The alarming increase in the global population and rapid industrialization might aggravate the problems associated with these hazardous pollutants in near future. Effluent from different industries may contain high amounts of xenobiotic hazardous contaminants such as dyes, hydrocarbons, synthetic surfactants, microplastics, etc. Industries and public sewers handling such waste streams are facing a plethora of challenges in the effluent treatment and solid waste disposal due to various factors that start from production to adoption of appropriate technologies. Therefore, there is an immediate circumvention of bottlenecks through sustainable mitigation strategies. This book is of interest to teachers, researchers, climate change scientists, capacity builders and policymakers. Also, the book serves as additional reading material for undergraduate and graduate students of agriculture, forestry, ecology, soil science, and environmental sciences. National and international agricultural scientists, policy makers also find this to be a useful read.