This book contains selected papers from symposia and contributed sessions presented at the third biennial meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association, held in Lansing, Michigan, on October 27-29, 1972. We are grateful to Michigan State University, and especially to Professor Peter Asquith and his students and colleagues, for their friendly and efficient hospitality in organizing the circumstances of the sessions and of the 'intersessions', the unscheduled free time which is so important to any scholarly gathering. Several of the symposium papers have unhappily not been made available: those of Alasdair MacIntyre and Sidney Morgenbesser in the session on the social sciences, that of Ian Hacking in the session on randomness and that of Imre Lakatos in the session on discovery and rationality in science. Department of History and KENNETH F. SCHAFFNER Philosophy of Science, University of Pittsburgh Center for the Philosophy and ROBERT S. COHEN History of Science, Boston University TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE v PART I/SYMPOSIUM: SPACE, TIME AND MATTER: THE FOUNDATIONS OF GEOMETRODYNAMICS ADOLF GRUNBAUM / Space, Time, and Matter: The Foundations of Geometrodynamics. Introductory Remarks 3 CHARLES W. MISNER / Some Topics for Philosophical Inquiry Concerning the Theories of Mathematical Geometrodynamics and of Physical Geometrodynamics 7 JOHN STACHEL / The Rise and Fall of Geometrodynamics 31 PART II / PHILOSOPHICAL PROBLEMS OF BIOLOGY AND PSYCHOLOGY STUART KAUFFMAN / Elsasser, Generalized Complementarity, and Finite Classes: A Critique of His Anti-Reductionism 57 WILLIAM C.

In the tricyclooctanone approach to polyquinane syntheses[ll the photochemical rearrangement of bicyclo[2.2.2]octenone, 1a 2a,[2J has been the initial key reaction providing tricyclo- 2 [3.3.0.0 ' S]octan-3-one as a chiral building block.[3-SJ This reaction - an oxadi-n-methane (ODPM) process - and the 1,3-acyl shift (AS) forming the cyclobutanone 3 are quite generally the characteristic re- arrangement paths undergone by ~,~-unsaturated ketones (~,~-UKs) upon triplet sensitization and direct excitation with ultraviolet light, respectively. R' R' hv hv R~O ~ ~ (sens) WO ~ R ONR R 1a-c 2a-c 3a-c a R=R'=H b R = CH , R'= H 3 c R = R'= CH 3 As a polyvalent building block, the enantiomers of which are readily accessible from cheap bulk chemicals such as benzene and its derivatives, the parent system 1a and three younger generations of its class (Sections 3.1. - 3.4.) have no equal among synthetically useful photochemical rearrangements. 2. THE PHOTOCHEMISTRY OF ~,~-UNSATURATED KETONES The literature dealing with the spectroscopy and photo- chemistry of ~,~-UKs has been exhaustively and critically reviewed around 1975 by Dauben et al.[6l and Houk,[7J and in 1980 by Schuster.[ SlI1 The 1,3-AS was first observed on direct excitation of 1) For more recent papers on i3,~-UK photochemistry see [9-24]. 64 ~ R' hv ~o hv .,.

This book contains selected papers from symposia and contributed sessions presented at the third biennial meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association, held in Lansing, Michigan, on October 27-29, 1972. We are grateful to Michigan State University, and especially to Professor Peter Asquith and his students and colleagues, for their friendly and efficient hospitality in organizing the circumstances of the sessions and of the 'intersessions', the unscheduled free time which is so important to any scholarly gathering. Several of the symposium papers have unhappily not been made available: those of Alasdair MacIntyre and Sidney Morgenbesser in the session on the social sciences, that of Ian Hacking in the session on randomness and that of Imre Lakatos in the session on discovery and rationality in science. Department of History and KENNETH F. SCHAFFNER Philosophy of Science, University of Pittsburgh Center for the Philosophy and ROBERT S. COHEN History of Science, Boston University TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE v PART I/SYMPOSIUM: SPACE, TIME AND MATTER: THE FOUNDATIONS OF GEOMETRODYNAMICS ADOLF GRUNBAUM / Space, Time, and Matter: The Foundations of Geometrodynamics. Introductory Remarks 3 CHARLES W. MISNER / Some Topics for Philosophical Inquiry Concerning the Theories of Mathematical Geometrodynamics and of Physical Geometrodynamics 7 JOHN STACHEL / The Rise and Fall of Geometrodynamics 31 PART II / PHILOSOPHICAL PROBLEMS OF BIOLOGY AND PSYCHOLOGY STUART KAUFFMAN / Elsasser, Generalized Complementarity, and Finite Classes: A Critique of His Anti-Reductionism 57 WILLIAM C.