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Peter C. Ordeshook and Kenneth A. Shepsle If the inaugural date of
modern economics is set at 1776 with the publication of Adam
Smith's The Wealth of Nations, then the analytical tradition in the
study of politics is not even a decade younger, commencing nine
years later with the publication of the Marquis de Condorcet's
Essai sur l'application de l'analyse iz la probabilite des
decisions rendues iz la pluralite des voix. The parallel, however,
stops there for, unlike Smith and other classical economists who
laid an intel- lectual foundation upon which a century of
cumulative scientific research pro- ceeded, analytical political
science suffered fits and starts. Condorcet, himself, acknowledges
the earlier work (predating the Essai by some fourteen years) of
Borda and, from time to time during the nineteenth century, their
contributions were rediscovered by Dodgson, Nanson, and other
political philosophers and arithmeticians. But, by century's end,
there was nothing in political science to compare to the grand
edifice of general equilibrium theory in neoclassical eco- nomics.
Despite roots traversing two centuries, then, the analytical study
of poli- tics is a twentieth-century affair. The initial
inspiration and insight of Condorcet was seized upon just after
World War II by Duncan Black, who wrote several papers on the
equilibrium properties of majority rule in specific contexts
(Black, 1948a,b). He expanded upon these themes in his now
deservedly famous monograph, The Theory of xi PREFACE xii
Committees and Elections, and the lesser-known essay with R. A.
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