Once again, just before Easter, a goodly number of people gathered to hear a series of papers on a variety of aspects of adhesion presented by authors from a number of countries. Overall they all seemed to be as well pleased as ever with what they received. One might have thought that by now-the twenty-eighth year-the whole range of possible topics had been scanned; but no, there are two papers which are concerned with an entirely new one. This arises from the fairly recent recognition that if society is to utilise adhesives and gain anything like their potential advantage, then there is a whole area of dissemination of information and a special sort of education which must be accomplished. To meet this need various initiatives have been undertaken, and two of these are reported within this volume-in addition to papers of the more conventional technological type. As always, I must record my thanks to all those who make possible both these conferences and the books through which the papers are available to a wider audience. The audience, the authors and their secretaries, various people within the University, the publishers and their staff; all are essential parts of the whole. To them, each and everyone, may I express my sincere appreciation and gratitude.

As I turn to write this Prefaee to another volume of papers presented at the Annual Conferenee on Adhesion and Adhesives, I am reflecting on how fortuna te we are to he ahle to eontinue to attraet hoth speakers and audienee of such high standard year after year. This field of scienee and technology continues to grow in size and importance, so that it is not so surprising that those interested from a very eonsiderahle range of countries and diseiplines are willing to come together and spend a couple of days each year exchanging ideas and views, hoth formally and informally. So, once again, I can and must express thanks to all those who have made this volume possihle: hoth those who presented the papers, and then rewrote them for puhlication, and those who through their attendance made the conference a vi ahle reality. K. W. ALLEN v Contents v PreJace.

Twenty-five years is a considerable time span in the life of any scientific discipline; certainly in this twentieth century when development is so rapid. For the science of adhesion and the technology of adhesives this is particularly true. For these, the immediately past quarter century might be compared with the Renaissance when all the civilised world was alight with the 'new learning'. Certainly it has been a period of immense advance both of understanding and of application in this an a of scientific endeavour. It was in the light of this situation that here at City University we set about arranging the Twenty-fifth Annual Conference on Adhesion and Adhesives, of which this volume presents the proceedings. A total of seventeen papers from seven countries, covering a span of topics from organic chemistry through physical chemistry and physics to engineering. Truly this Conference has 'come of age' and is acknowledged as the annual international venue for the consideration of adhesion in all its diversity. It is our earnest hope and intention that it shall continue for many more years. May I express my personal gratitude to all those who make the event possible; the audiences as well as the speakers, all those in the University who help in various ways, and the publishers who make it possible for you, the wider audience, to have these proceedings.

Each year, about Easter time, we are reminded of the continuing growth in the use of adhesives. The Annual Conference here at The City University provides a focal point for discussion, both formal and informal, on expansion and development. For those who attend the Conference its rewards and usefulness are immediate and obvious, but its influence extends to a wider audience through the regular publication of the papers. Here in Volume 11 of the series we offer the latest instalment, the papers presented and discussed in 1986. May I express gratitude to all those who, by their continuing support, both in presenting papers and in attending the meeting, make the whole event so successful and rewarding. Thank you all, very much. K. W. ALLEN Vll Contents Preface . v 1. The Strength and Durability of Adhesive Joints Made Underwater M. R. Bowditch, 1. D. Clarke and K. 1. Stannard (Admiralty Research Establishment, Holton Heath, Poole, Dorset, UK) 2. Some Aspects of Silane Technology for Surface Coatings and Adhesives 17 C. Kerr and P. Walker (SCT Materials, Atomic Weapons Research Establishment, Building SB43, Aldermaston, Reading, Berkshire RG74PR, UK) 3. Ester Polymers and their Interaction with Alumina Studied by Inelastic Electron Tunnelling Spectroscopy . 38 J. Comyn, C. C. Horley, R. G. Pritchard and R. R. Mallik (Faculty of Science, Leicester Polytechnic, PO Box 143, Leicester LEI 9HB, UK) 4. Ultrasonic Exploration of Adhesive Bonds by Acoustic Microscopy 56 D. M. Thaker and N. J

The use of adhesives continues to increase both in importance and in areas of use, particularly in engineering construction. Alongside this is a steady growth in our fundamental understanding of the factors involved. Both of these topics are reflected in various meetings and nowhere more consistently than at the Annual Conference on Adhesion and Adhesives at The City University each Easter. 1984 was the twenty-second of these when, once again, people carne from far and near to present accounts of their work and to discuss them in all their variety. This publication makes the papers available to the wider audience who were not able to attend in person. In presenting this volume, may I express sincere gratitude, both personally and on behalf of the University, to all those who contributed in so many and various ways to the conference. K. W. ALLEN Contents Preface. v l. Textile-to-Rubber Adhesion: Theory and Practice David B. Wootton (Milliken Industrials Ltd, Wellington Mill, Wellington Street, Bury, Lancashire BL8 2AY, UK) 2. Aspects of Adhesion Promotion with Flexible Coated Fabrics 13 J. R. Holker and A. J. G. Sagar (Shirley Institute, Didsbury, Manchester M20 8RX, UK) 3. The Adhesion of Some Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate Copolymers Applied as Hot Melt Coatings to Metals 33 T. A. Hatzinikolaou and D. E. Packham (School of Materials Science, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7 A Y, UK) 4. Formation of Indium Bonds for Ultrasonic Systems and Examination of Metal Diffusion Bonds by Scanning Acoustic Microscopy .

As interest in the whole science and technology of adhesion and adhesives grows, so do the meetings concerned with it proliferate. In the light of this, it is gratifying that this, the oldest regular meeting in the field, maintains its position by attracting both speakers and audience of such high standard from across the world year after year; further, that we are enabled to reach a wider audience through the publication of the papers presented at the conference in this series of volumes. This present volume, Number 14, differs from its predecessors by the addition of two extra items. Firstly, 1989 marked the twenty-fifth anniversary of the Adhesion Society of Japan. As part of the celebrations, the Society arranged a mission to Europe which culminated in a Special Anglo-Japanese Symposium on 21 April at The City University, London. We are fortunate in being able to include two of the papers presented by our Japanese visitors. Secondly, on Christmas Day,just as the final work on this volume was being completed, William C. ('Bill') Wake sadly died. We have included an appreciation of his contribution both to these conferences and to the world of adhesion generally. Finally, may I once again express my thanks to all those who have made possible the production of this volume. They are far too numerous to mention individually, including the authors, their secretaries, various members of the staff of the University, and our publishers; to them all, 'Thank you very much'.