This book provides a general review of the literature on underground structures, combined with new specifications, engineering case studies, and numerical simulations based on the authors' research. It focuses on the basic concepts, theories, and methods of the design of underground structures. After an introduction, it covers various topics, such as elastic foundation beam theory and numerical analysis methods for underground structures, as well as the design of shallow underground structures, diaphragm wall structures, shield tunnel structures, caisson structures, immersed tube structures, and integral tunnel structures. It also includes tables for calculating elastic foundation beam. This book is intended for senior undergraduate and graduate students majoring in urban underground space engineering, building engineering, highway engineering, railway engineering, bridge and tunnel engineering, water conservancy and hydropower engineering.

In this work synthesis and properties of novel Pi-conjugated polymers containing diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) and benzodifuranone (BZDF) chromophores in the main chain, which are suitable as active materials in optoelectronic applications, are developed and investigated. The polymers were synthesized via metal-mediated or -catalyzed Suzuki, Stille, Sonogashira and Yamamoto cross-coupling polycondensation reactions or by using oxidative and anodic electropolymerization. The resulting polymers were characterized using gel permeation chromatography, NMR-, UV/vis-, and fluorescence spectroscopy, mass spectroscopy, and cyclic voltrammetry. The polymers exhibit low HOMO-LUMO band gaps and reversible oxidation and reduction processes, which suggests a strong donor-acceptor character. Electrochromic properties were found upon oxidation and reduction. Additionally, a series of cross-linked conjugated microporous polymers was synthesized. They exhibit high surface area and micropores in nanometer range. Furthermore, the influence via variation of electron donor and acceptor on the HOMO-LUMO band gaps of the conjugated polymers was studied.

Describe new developments in non-opsin-based optogenetic tools Introduce cutting-edge methods for precise modulation of cell signaling Highlight applications of optogenetic regulation of cellular functions Cover contributions from an international team of leading experts

The objective of Kai Zhang and his research is to assess the existing process monitoring and fault detection (PM-FD) methods. His aim is to provide suggestions and guidance for choosing appropriate PM-FD methods, because the performance assessment study for PM-FD methods has become an area of interest in both academics and industry. The author first compares basic FD statistics, and then assesses different PM-FD methods to monitor the key performance indicators of static processes, steady-state dynamic processes and general dynamic processes including transient states. He validates the theoretical developments using both benchmark and real industrial processes.

This book provides a general review of the literature on underground structures, combined with new specifications, engineering case studies, and numerical simulations based on the authors' research. It focuses on the basic concepts, theories, and methods of the design of underground structures. After an introduction, it covers various topics, such as elastic foundation beam theory and numerical analysis methods for underground structures, as well as the design of shallow underground structures, diaphragm wall structures, shield tunnel structures, caisson structures, immersed tube structures, and integral tunnel structures. It also includes tables for calculating elastic foundation beam. This book is intended for senior undergraduate and graduate students majoring in urban underground space engineering, building engineering, highway engineering, railway engineering, bridge and tunnel engineering, water conservancy and hydropower engineering.