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This anthology of Chinese women's poetry in translation brings
together representative selections from the work of some 130 poets
from the Han dynasty to the early twentieth century. To measure the
development of Chinese women's poetry, one must take into account
not only the poems but also the prose writings--prefaces,
biographies, theoretical tracts--that framed them and attempted to
shape women's writing as a distinct category of literature. To this
end, the anthology contains an extended section of criticism by and
about women writers.
These poets include empresses, imperial concubines, courtesans,
grandmothers, recluses, Buddhist nuns, widows, painters, farm
wives, revolutionaries, and adolescent girls thought to be
incarnate immortals. Some women wrote out of isolation and despair,
finding in words a mastery that otherwise eluded them. Others were
recruited into poetry by family members, friends, or sympathetic
male advocates. Some dwelt on intimate family matters and cast
their poems as addresses to husbands and sons at large in the wide
world of men's affairs. Each woman had her own reasons for poetry
and her own ways of appropriating, and often changing, the
conventions of both men's and women's verse.
The primary purpose of this anthology is to put before the
English-speaking reader evidence of the poetic talent that
flourished, against all odds, among women in premodern China. It is
also designed to spur reflection among specialists in Chinese
poetry, inspiring new perspectives on both the Chinese poetic
tradition and the canon of female poets within that tradition. This
partial history both connects with and departs from the established
patterns for women's writing in the West, thus complementing
current discussions of "feminine writing."
Until recently only a handful of women writers were thought to have
existed in traditional China, but new scholarship has called
attention to several hundred whose works have survived. Coming from
the fields of literature, history, art history, and comparative
literature, the fourteen contributors to this volume apply a range
of methodologies to this new material and to other sources
concerning women writers in China from 1600 to 1900.
An opening section on courtesans details the lives of individual
women and their male admirers--contemporary and subsequent--who
imposed an array of meaning on the category of woman writer. The
works treated in this section are mainly poetry, although drama
also enters in. The second section focuses on the writings of
gentrywomen who, confined to the inner quarters of their
residences, turned out a body of poetry impressive both for its
volume and for the number of authors involved.
The third section takes up the issue of contextualization: how male
writers situated women's poetry in their essays, stories, and
travelogues. The fourth section pursues the same issue, but with
reference to China's greatest work of fiction, "Dream of the Red
Chamber," first published in 1792, most of whose leading characters
are talented gentrywomen. The volume concludes with a chapter by a
specialist in comparative literature, who relates the concerns of
the other chapters to literary and feminist studies outside the
China field.
Until recently only a handful of women writers were thought to have
existed in traditional China, but new scholarship has called
attention to several hundred whose works have survived. Coming from
the fields of literature, history, art history, and comparative
literature, the fourteen contributors to this volume apply a range
of methodologies to this new material and to other sources
concerning women writers in China from 1600 to 1900.
An opening section on courtesans details the lives of individual
women and their male admirers--contemporary and subsequent--who
imposed an array of meaning on the category of woman writer. The
works treated in this section are mainly poetry, although drama
also enters in. The second section focuses on the writings of
gentrywomen who, confined to the inner quarters of their
residences, turned out a body of poetry impressive both for its
volume and for the number of authors involved.
The third section takes up the issue of contextualization: how male
writers situated women's poetry in their essays, stories, and
travelogues. The fourth section pursues the same issue, but with
reference to China's greatest work of fiction, "Dream of the Red
Chamber," first published in 1792, most of whose leading characters
are talented gentrywomen. The volume concludes with a chapter by a
specialist in comparative literature, who relates the concerns of
the other chapters to literary and feminist studies outside the
China field.
The collapse of the Ming dynasty and the Manchu conquest of China
were traumatic experiences for Chinese intellectuals, not only
because of the many decades of destructive warfare but also because
of the adjustments necessary to life under a foreign regime.
History became a defining subject in their writings, and it went on
shaping literary production in succeeding generations as the Ming
continued to be remembered, re-imagined, and refigured on new
terms.
The twelve chapters in this volume and the introductory essays
on early Qing poetry, prose, and drama understand the writings of
this era wholly or in part as attempts to recover from or transcend
the trauma of the transition years. By the end of the seventeenth
century, the sense of trauma had diminished, and a mood of
accommodation had taken hold. Varying shades of lament or
reconciliation, critical or nostalgic retrospection on the Ming,
and rejection or acceptance of the new order distinguish the many
voices in these writings.
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