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Throughout East Asia, the growth process and its sources are
changing in a number of important respects, especially for middle-
and high-income economies. Growth is increasingly coming from the
strength of innovative activities in these economies rather than
from factor accumulation as in the past. Such innovative
activities--especially in producer services and the creative
industries--are concentrated in high-tech clusters in globally
linked cities.
Drawing on a wide range of literature and on interviews with firms,
this book explores these issues with a focus on six East Asian
cities: Bangkok, Beijing, Seoul, Shanghai, Singapore, and Tokyo. It
suggests how policies and institutions can induce and furnish an
urban environment that supports innovative activities. A valuable
resource for researchers, urban planners, urban geographers, and
policy makers interested in East Asia, Post-Industrial East Asian
Cities presents the latest findings on creative industries in East
Asia and their effect on economic growth.
Throughout East Asia, the growth process and its sources are
changing in a number of important respects, especially for middle-
and high-income economies. Growth is increasingly coming from the
strength of innovative activities in these economies rather than
from factor accumulation as in the past. Such innovative
activities2;especially in producer services and the creative
industries2;are concentrated in high-tech clusters in globally
linked cities.
Drawing on a wide range of literature and on interviews with firms,
this book explores these issues with a focus on six East Asian
cities: Bangkok, Beijing, Seoul, Shanghai, Singapore, and Tokyo. It
suggests how policies and institutions can induce and furnish an
urban environment that supports innovative activities. A valuable
resource for researchers, urban planners, urban geographers, and
policy makers interested in East Asia, Post-Industrial East Asian
Cities presents the latest findings on creative industries in East
Asia and their effect on economic growth.
Although the relative size of the public sector has been much
reduced worldwide since the early 1980s, it remains the dominant
borrower from the banking system and responsible for the majority
of the non-performing assets of banks. Drawing upon new firm-level
survey data, this volume assesses how changes in the ownership
structure of SOEs affect management, governance, innovation, and
performance, comparing these SOEs to other types of firms in China.
It also considers China's reform efforts against the experiences of
other transition economies. The research reveals that the medium-
and longer-term gains from privatization far outweigh costs of
adjustment and that the precise mechanics of privatization have
little effect on outcomes. The volume argues that privatization of
large industrial SOEs and market-based consolidation of small- and
medium-sized enterprises will be necessary to transform them into
competitive and innovative world-class firms. Chapters include:
China's Industrial System: Where is it, Where it Should be Headed,
and Why; Reform in China, 1978-1997; The Accelerated Change in
Enterprise Ownership, 1997-2003; Chinese Ownership Reform in the
East European Mirror; Empirical Evidence on the Effect of SOE
Reform in China; and Making Privatization Work.
Although the relative size of the public sector has been much
reduced worldwide since the early 1980s, it remains the dominant
borrower from the banking system and responsible for the majority
of the non-performing assets of banks. Drawing upon new firm-level
survey data, this volume assesses how changes in the ownership
structure of SOEs affect management, governance, innovation, and
performance, comparing these SOEs to other types of firms in China.
It also considers China's reform efforts against the experiences of
other transition economies. The research reveals that the medium-
and longer-term gains from privatization far outweigh costs of
adjustment and that the precise mechanics of privatization have
little effect on outcomes. The volume argues that privatization of
large industrial SOEs and market-based consolidation of small- and
medium-sized enterprises will be necessary to transform them into
competitive and innovative world-class firms. Chapters include:
China's Industrial System: Where is it, Where it Should be Headed,
and Why; Reform in China, 1978-1997; The Accelerated Change in
Enterprise Ownership, 1997-2003; Chinese Ownership Reform in the
East European Mirror; Empirical Evidence on the Effect of SOE
Reform in China; and Making Privatization Work.
This book evaluates the evolution of regulatory policy in advanced
countries and discusses how, due to globalization, policy changes
in one country have a knock-on effect in others. Separated in two
parts, the first half focuses on policy in developed countries and
regulatory diffusion from Europe to Asia. The second part looks at
the business impact of policy developments in a number of Southeast
Asian countries. Key chapters discuss Thailand's response to EU
chemical regulations, the diffusion of private food standards, and
the effect of chemical safety standards in Malaysia and Vietnam.
These contributions are written by leading scholars in the field
and the book is likely to be of interest to students, researchers
and policy makers concerned with regulation changes in East Asia.
Countries worldwide are struggling to imitate the industrial
prowess of the East Asian pacesetters, but growth accelerations
have proven remarkably transient. Building a portfolio of tradable
goods and services and steadily raising the level of investment in
these activities, has generally defied the best policy efforts in
particular, bringing investment ratios on par with East Asian
averages has presented the greatest challenge. Hence the search is
on for growth recipes not so tightly bound to investment, to
manufacturing activities, and to the export of manufactured
products. In casting around for such recipes validated by
demonstrated results, the experience of economies which have relied
more on other drivers of growth human capital and knowledge is
highly attractive. Finland and Ireland are among the tiny band of
small nations that grew rapidly for well over a decade by achieving
the maximum mileage from an adequate investment in physical assets
and by harnessing the potential of human capital and technologies.
Singapore combined high investment with a comprehensive and
complementary strategy of building high quality human and knowledge
assets. This approach enabled the three countries to diversify much
faster into higher tech manufactures and tradable services and
profit from globalization. The approach adopted by these three
countries may be of greater relevance in the highly competitive
global environment of the early 21st century because it does not
necessarily assume heroic levels of investment. Moreover, it may be
better tailored to the opportunities for middle and lower middle
income economies threatened by the middle income trap and seeking
growth rates in the 6 percent range, and for the smaller, late
starting, low income countries with youthful, rapidly increasing
populations that need to grow at high single digit rates in order
to create enough jobs and to double per capita incomes in 10
years."
Southeast Asian tiger economies feel threatened by competition from
other countries and worry that their growth momentum might be
flagging. Even though their growth rates are above the average for
the world and for developing countries, they fall short of
yesterday's economic performance. The underlying worry is that they
presage the beginning of a downward trend, the harbingers of which
are lower rates of investment, persistently low rates of total
factor productivity and low levels of innovativeness. The South
East Asian tigers' worries motivate three questions: First, are the
tigers rightly threatened by a creeping economic sclerosis or what
some observers are calling the "middle income trap"? Second, if the
threat is real, what are the underlying causes? Third, are there
ways of neutralizing the problems and at least maintaining if not
raising the growth rates of the recent past? This book tackles
these questions by means of a comparative analysis of the Southeast
Asian tiger economies, centered on Malaysia. This analysis draws
upon a comprehensive set of techniques and indicators to assess
competitive pressures, gauge industrial and technological
capabilities and to indicate the directions of industrial change in
Southeast Asia could take.
With the competitiveness of firms in an open and integrated world
environment increasingly reliant on technological capability,
universities are being asked to take on a growing role in
stimulating economic growth. Beyond imparting education, they are
now viewed as sources of industrially valuable technical skills,
innovations, and entrepreneurship. Developed and developing
countries alike have made it a priority to realize this potential
of universities to spur growth, a strategy that calls for
coordinated policy actions. The distinguished contributors to 'How
Universities Promote Economic Growth' examines the wealth of
international experience on efforts to multiply links between
universities and businesses. They offer valuable and succinct
guidance on some of the most effective policy measures deployed by
national and regional governments, firms and universities to
enhance the contribution that tertiary institutions can make to
economic change.
Although China's centrally planned economy is a little more than a
shadow of its former self, the closely inter-linked reforms of the
enterprise and banking sectors are still incomplete. The relative
size of the state-owned enterprise sector has been much reduced,
however, the sector remains the dominant borrower from the banking
system and is responsible for the majority of bank non-performing
assets. Thus in the interests of financial stability it is crucial
to implement the remaining reform agenda. The accession to the WTO
has also made it more urgent for China's most-dynamic state-owned
enterprises and her banking industry to compete through innovation,
continuing process upgrades, and active pursuit of strategies aimed
at succeeding in global markets. In order to do so, not only do
large state-owned industrial enterprises need to be privatized, but
the government also needs to create the conditions that will result
in market determined consolidation of small and medium size firms
into entities with a core strength. 'Under New Ownership' explores
the effects of ownership reform in China on the performance of
reformed industrial state-owned enterprises, and proposes
privatization as a course of action to truly transform these
enterprises into world class firms which compete on the basis of
sound strategy, effective organization, and innovation. It draws
upon newly collected firm level survey data to assess changes in
the ownership structure of state enterprises on management,
governance, innovation, and performance relative to other types of
firms in China. This title provides researchers, students, and
policymakers interested in the Chinese economy with in depth
information and analysis on key issues related to the reform of
state-owned enterprises.
Industrial clusters in Silicon Valley, in Hsinchu Park, in Northern
Italy, and around Cambridge, U.K. have captured the imagination of
policymakers, researchers, city planners and business people. Where
clusters take root, they can generate valuable spillovers, promote
innovation, and create the critical industrial mass for sustained
growth. For cities faced with the hallowing out of their industrial
sectors and economic decline such as Kitakyushu in Japan, creating
a cluster which would reverse the trends, is enormously
attractive.By synthesizing the essential conditions and policies
responsible for the dynamism and resilience of successful clusters,
this volume delineates both the conditions which contributed to
past successes, and also how the reading of this experience is
being used to seed new clusters in Singapore, Bangalore and Seoul.
The volume sheds fresh light on the promise of clusters, the
challenges facing policymakers and the track record to date of
progress with promising new starts.
Throughout East Asia, the growth process and its sources are
changing in a number of important respects, especially for middle
and higher income economies. Growth will increasingly come from the
strength of innovative activities in these economies instead of
factor accumulation as in the past. Such innovative activities,
especially in producer services and the creative industries are
concentrated in high-tech clusters in globally-linked cities. The
development of such cities is influenced by ongoing structural
changes and initiatives by governments and firms. A successful
transition from export-oriented manufacturing to a service economy
that is competitive and integrated with the global systems, will
involve a reshaping of the urban landscape so that providers of
business services and the creative industries perceive it to be
value augmenting for their purposes and a basis for competitive
advantage. The Creative Metropolis in East Asia explores these
issues by drawing on a wide literature and interviews of firms and
suggests how policies and institutions can induce and furnish an
urban environment that supports innovative activities with a focus
on four cities in East Asia: Beijing, Shanghai, Singapore, and
Tokyo. This title provides researchers, students, urban planners,
urban geographers, and policymakers interested in East Asia as well
as other middle income countries with an in depth review and
analysis of the role of high-tech manufacturing, creative
industries and business services in urban economic growth.
In the coming decades, globalization will force East Asian
countries to come to terms with a far more demanding global market
environment. Their ability to capitalize on the opportunities
inherent in this environment will rest in no small part on acquired
technological capability and IT skills and on how East Asian firms
enlarge the gains from participating in global production networks.
Government macroeconomic policies and institution building
activities will be vital for sustaining competitiveness and growth
but the initiative of firms will be the critical factor in assuring
that the future for East Asia is as bright as the past three
decades. The experience of a number of economies points insistently
towards the contribution of large firms to innovation, as well as
the branding and marketing of products on a global scale. An
environment that is conducive to the growth of national firms that
can compete against the multi-national corporations on world
markets, match their innovative capability, and vie with them in
creating global production networks would be part and parcel of a
development strategy pegged to technological advance. The papers in
Global Production Networking and Technological Change in East Asia,
by leading experts in their respective fields, present some of the
latest findings on global production networks, and the evolution of
technological capability.
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