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Despite considerable scholarly efforts for many years, the last two
decades of the Kingdom of Israel are still beneath the veil of
history. What was the status of the Kingdom after its annexation by
Assyria in 732 BCE? Who conquered Samaria, the capital of the
Kingdom? When did it happen? One of the primary reasons for this
situation lies in the discrepancies found in the historical
sources, namely the Hebrew Bible and the Assyrian texts. Since
biblical studies and Assyriology are two distinct disciplines, the
gaps in the sources are not easy to bridge. Moreover, recent great
progress in the archaeological research in the Southern Levant
provides now crucial new data, independent of these textual
sources. This volume, a collection of papers by leading scholars
from different fields of research, aims to bring together, for the
first time, all the available data and to discuss these conundrums
from various perspectives in order to reach a better and deeper
understanding of this crucial period, which possibly triggered in
the following decades the birth of "new Israel" in the Southern
Kingdom of Judah, and eventually led to the formation of the Hebrew
Bible and its underlying theology.
Distinguished historians of the ancient world analyze the earliest
developments in human history and the rise of the first major
civilizations, from the Middle East to India and China. In this
volume of the six-part History of the World series, Hans-Joachim
Gehrke, a noted scholar of ancient Greece, leads a distinguished
group of historians in analyzing prehistory, the earliest human
settlements, and the rise of the world’s first advanced
civilizations. The Neolithic period—sometimes called the Agrarian
Revolution—marked a turning point in human history. People were
no longer dependent entirely on hunting animals and gathering
plants but instead cultivated crops and reared livestock. This led
to a more settled existence, notably along rivers such as the Nile,
Tigris, Euphrates, Ganges, and Yangzi. Increased mastery of metals,
together with innovations in tools and technologies, led to
economic specialization, from intricate crafts to deadlier weapons,
which contributed to the growth of village communities as well as
trade networks. Family was the fundamental social unit, its
relationships and hierarchies modeled on the evolving relationship
between ruler and ruled. Religion, whether polytheist or
monotheist, played a central role in shaping civilizations from the
Persians to the Israelites. The world was construed in terms of a
divinely ordained order: the Chinese imperial title Huangdi
expressed divinity and heavenly splendor, while Indian emperor
Ashoka was heralded as the embodiment of moral law. From the latest
findings about the Neanderthals to the founding of imperial China
to the world of Western classical antiquity, Making Civilizations
offers an authoritative overview of humanity’s earliest eras.
This groundbreaking, five-volume series offers a comprehensive,
fully illustrated history of Egypt and Western Asia (the Levant,
Anatolia, Mesopotamia, and Iran), from the emergence of complex
states to the conquest of Alexander the Great. Written by a
diverse, international team of leading scholars whose expertise
brings to life the people, places, and times of the remote past,
the volumes in this series focus firmly on the political and social
histories of the states and communities of the ancient Near East.
Individual chapters present the key textual and material sources
underpinning the historical reconstruction, paying particular
attention to the most recent archaeological finds and their impact
on our historical understanding of the periods surveyed. The fourth
volume of the Oxford History of the Ancient Near East covers the
period from the end of the second to the middle of the first
millennium BC, ca. 1100-600 BC, corresponding with Egypt's "Third
Intermediate Period". Fifteen chapters present the history of the
Near East during "The Age of Assyria," from the formative period of
the Assyrian Empire to this influential state's disintegration.
Several of the chapters discuss the challenges of reconstructing
the sequence of local rulers and the various sources and diverse
strategies harnessed in order to overcome these difficulties,
notably for Egypt, for Elam, for Urartu and on northern Syria and
southeastern Anatolia. This volume offers new and complementary
perspectives on the history of northeastern Africa, the eastern
Mediterranean, and the Middle East from the 11th to the 7th century
BC.
Despite considerable scholarly efforts for many years, the last two
decades of the Kingdom of Israel are still beneath the veil of
history. What was the status of the Kingdom after its annexation by
Assyria in 732 BCE? Who conquered Samaria, the capital of the
Kingdom? When did it happen? One of the primary reasons for this
situation lies in the discrepancies found in the historical
sources, namely the Hebrew Bible and the Assyrian texts. Since
biblical studies and Assyriology are two distinct disciplines, the
gaps in the sources are not easy to bridge. Moreover, recent great
progress in the archaeological research in the Southern Levant
provides now crucial new data, independent of these textual
sources. This volume, a collection of papers by leading scholars
from different fields of research, aims to bring together, for the
first time, all the available data and to discuss these conundrums
from various perspectives in order to reach a better and deeper
understanding of this crucial period, which possibly triggered in
the following decades the birth of "new Israel" in the Southern
Kingdom of Judah, and eventually led to the formation of the Hebrew
Bible and its underlying theology.
This groundbreaking, five-volume series offers a comprehensive,
fully illustrated history of Egypt and Western Asia (the Levant,
Anatolia, Mesopotamia, and Iran), from the emergence of complex
states to the conquest of Alexander the Great. Written by a
diverse, international team of leading scholars whose expertise
brings to life the people, places, and times of the remote past,
the volumes in this series focus firmly on the political and social
histories of the states and communities of the ancient Near East.
Individual chapters present the key textual and material sources
underpinning the historical reconstruction, paying particular
attention to the most recent archaeological finds and their impact
on our historical understanding of the periods surveyed. The fifth
and final volume of the Oxford History of the Ancient Near East
covers the period from the second half of the 7th century BC until
the campaigns of Alexander III of Macedon (336-323 BC) brought an
end to the Achaemenid Dynasty and the Persian Empire. Tying
together areas and political developments covered by previous
volumes in the series, this title covers also the Persian Empire's
immediate predecessor states: Saite Egypt, the Neo-Babylonian
Empire, and Lydia, among other kingdoms and tribal alliances. The
chapters in this volume feature a wide range of archaeological and
textual sources, with contributors displaying a masterful treatment
of the challenges and advantages of the available materials. Two
chapters focus on areas that have not enjoyed prominence in any of
the previous volumes of this series: eastern Iran and Central Asia.
This volume is the necessary and complementary final component of
this comprehensive series.
Assyria was one of the most influential kingdoms of the Ancient
Near East. In this Very Short Introduction, Karen Radner sketches
the history of Assyria from city state to empire, from the early
2nd millennium BC to the end of the 7th century BC. Since the
archaeological rediscovery of Assyria in the mid-19th century, its
cities have been excavated extensively in Iraq, Syria, Turkey and
Israel, with further sites in Iran, Lebanon, and Jordan providing
important information. The Assyrian Empire was one of the most
geographically vast, socially diverse, multicultural, and
multi-ethnic states of the early first millennium BC.Using
archaeological records, Radner provides insights into the lives of
the inhabitants of the kingdom, highlighting the diversity of human
experiences in the Assyrian Empire. ABOUT THE SERIES: The Very
Short Introductions series from Oxford University Press contains
hundreds of titles in almost every subject area. These pocket-sized
books are the perfect way to get ahead in a new subject quickly.
Our expert authors combine facts, analysis, perspective, new ideas,
and enthusiasm to make interesting and challenging topics highly
readable.
Much of our perception of Babylon in the West is filtered through
the poignant echoes of loss and longing that resonate in the Hebrew
Bible. The lamenting exiles of Judah craved a return to their lost
homeland after the sack of Jerusalem in 587 BC and their forcible
removal by Nebuchadnezzar to the alien floodlands of the Euphrates.
But to see Babylon only as an adjunct to Old Testament history is
misleading. A Short History of Babylon explores the ever-changing
city that shaped world history for two millennia.
Much of our perception of Babylon in the West is filtered through
the poignant echoes of loss and longing that resonate in the Hebrew
Bible. The lamenting exiles of Judah craved a return to their lost
homeland after the sack of Jerusalem in 587 BC and their forcible
removal by Nebuchadnezzar to the alien floodlands of the Euphrates.
But to see Babylon only as an adjunct to Old Testament history is
misleading. A Short History of Babylon explores the ever-changing
city that shaped world history for two millennia.
This book introduces the reader to the state correspondences of
centralized states and empires of the Mediterranean and the Middle
East from the 15th century BC to the 6th century AD, and analyses
their role in ensuring the success and stability of these
geographically extensive state systems. Letters play an important
role in the cohesion of early empires, by enabling reliable and
confidential long-distance communication and by facilitating the
successful delegation of power from the central administration to
the provinces - challenges that in the absence of major
technological advances remain constants of government throughout
this long period. State Correspondence in the Ancient World brings
together primary sources from New Kingdom Egypt, the Hittite
kingdom, the Assyrian, Neo-Babylonian and Achaemenid empires, the
Hellenistic world and the Imperium Romanum. This study's goals are
twofold: Firstly, to describe the available material and its
original context and transmission: what do we have and what don't
we have - and why? And, secondly, to highlight these
correspondences' role in maintaining empires, using a comparative
approach in order to draw out similarities and differences. The
volume is an edited collection of nine chapters written by
established scholars with first-hand expertise in working with the
source materials: papyri, clay tablets, inscriptions and law
codices written in Akkadian (Assyrian and Babylonian), Aramaic,
Egyptian, Greek, Hittite and Latin. This unique collection will be
enormously useful to students and scholars of ancient Egyptian,
Near Eastern, and Mediterranean history.
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