The Porphyrin Handbook, Volume 15: Phthalocyanines: Synthesis provides information pertinent to every aspect of the chemistry, synthesis, spectroscopy, and structure of phthalocyanines. This book examines the biology and medical implications of porphyrin systems. Organized into five chapters, this volume begins with an overview of the importance of compounds such as heme and chlorophyll that play vital roles in the biological systems responsible for the transportation of oxygen to cells in the body. This text then explores the different methods used for the preparation of phthalocyanine and its metallated derivatives. Other chapters consider the detailed survey of phthalocyanine formation, characterization, and purification. This book discusses as well the synthesis of low-symmetry phthalocyanines and related compounds. The final chapter deals with a survey of the structure, synthesis, and physiochemical properties of porphyrazines with annulated heterocycles. This book is a valuable resource for research scientists, engineers, and clinicians.

The Porphyrin Handbook, Volume 14: Medical Aspects of Porphyrins provides information pertinent to every aspect of the chemistry, synthesis, spectroscopy, and structure of phthalocyanines. This book examines the biology and medical implications of porphyrin systems. Organized into 12 chapters, this volume begins with an overview of the underlying diagnostic features, mechanisms, and available treatments of erythropoietic disorders due to defective heme biosynthesis. This text then examines the physiopathology of acute intermittent porphyria, which is transmitted as autosomal dominant disorders with incomplete penetrance. Other chapters consider the main characteristics of congenital erythropoietic porphyria, which includes an increased synthesis, accumulation, ad excretion of porphyrins. This book discusses as well the biochemistry, pathophysiology, and clinical features of variegate porphyria in the light of several essential advances in the understanding, management, and diagnosis of variegate porphyria. The final chapter deals with the legal use of herbal and complementary medicines. This book is a valuable resource for research scientists, engineers, and clinicians.

The Porphyrin Handbook, Volume 20: Phthalocyanines: Structural Characterization provides information pertinent to every aspect of the chemistry, synthesis, spectroscopy, and structure of phthalocyanines. This book examines the biology and medical implications of porphyrin systems. Organized into one chapter, this volume begins with an overview of the molecular and crystal structures of phthalocyanine and related complexes followed by a database section. This text then examines the crystallographic data that provided many researchers with the foundation to conduct their own research on phthalocyanine crystal structures. This book considers the structural basis for the prediction or calculation of the phthalocyanine physical properties. This book discusses as well the fundamental structure of a phthalocyanine molecule that consists of four isoindole units, circularly linked via azamethine bridges. This book is a valuable resource for research scientists, engineers, and clinicians.

The Porphyrin Handbook, Volume 19: Applications of Phthalocyanines provides information pertinent to every aspect of the chemistry, synthesis, spectroscopy, and structure of phthalocyanines. This book examines the biology and medical implications of porphyrin systems. Organized into five chapters, this volume begins with an overview of the basic photobiology of phthalocyanines, their structure-activity relationships, mechanisms of action in a variety of biological systems, and their potential applications for various medical purposes. This text then examines the type of organization of the molecules in the solid state and the intensity of the intermolecular interactions. Other chapters consider the applications of phthalocyanines as decorative and functional materials, with emphasis on properties and structures of phthalocyanines with industrial relevance. This book discusses as well the enzyme-like catalytic functions of metal complexes derivatives and their practical applications as odor-removing systems and bacterial systems based on their effective catalytic activities. This book is a valuable resource for research scientists, engineers, and clinicians.

The Porphyrin Handbook, Volume 13: Chlorophylls and Bilins: Biosynthesis, Synthesis, and Degradation provides information pertinent to every aspect of the chemistry, synthesis, spectroscopy, and structure of phthalocyanines. This book examines the biology and medical implications of porphyrin systems. Organized into eight chapters, this volume begins with an overview of magnesium chelatase as a complex enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of chlorophyll and bacteriochlorophyll. This text then provides an accurate historical review of the two enzymes involved in photosynthetic pigment production. Other chapters consider the processes that take place in darkness in all plants including angiosperms as the early steps of chlorophyll biosynthesis. This book discusses as well the reactivity and structures of the known chlorophyll catabolites from vascular plants, synthetic sources, and microorganisms. The final chapter deals with the methodologies used for the synthesis of bile pigments. This book is a valuable resource for research scientists, engineers, and clinicians.

The Porphyrin Handbook, Volume 12: The Iron and Cobalt Pigments: Biosynthesis, Structure, and Degradation provides information pertinent to every aspect of the chemistry, synthesis, spectroscopy, and structure of phthalocyanines. This book presents the biochemical and clinical aspects of genetically transmitted or drug-induced diseases associated with errors in heme metabolism. Organized into eight chapters, this volume begins with an overview of the comparison of regulatory principles in animal and plant tetrapyrrole biosynthesis. This text then examines the biology and medical implications of porphyrin systems. Other chapters consider the transformation of hemes into bile pigments, the organic synthesis of bilins, and the pathways of degradation of chlorophyll in senescent plants. This book discusses as well the biosynthesis of porphyrins, vitamin B12, and chlorophylls. The final chapter deals with genome sequencing projects that provide sources of genes encoding the enzymes needed for the synthesis of the intermediates. This book is a valuable resource for research scientists, engineers, and clinicians.

The Porphyrin Handbook, Volume 11: Bioinorganic and Bioorganic Chemistry presents the fundamental aspects of the synthesis, structure, chemistry, and spectroscopy of phthalocyanines. This book discusses the biology and medical implications of porphyrin systems. Organized into seven chapters, this volume begins with an overview of the design, synthesis, and study of the structural and functional models of heme/copper terminal oxidases. This text then examines the proteins containing iron-protoporphyrin IX (heme), which play key roles in photosynthesis and respiration. Other chapters consider the syntheses of chiral porphyrin derivatives and summarize the uses of such compounds in enantioselective control. This book discusses as well the reactivity and synthesis of synthetic carbine metalloporphyrins. The final chapter deals with the B12-coenzymes, which is the most complex and physiologically important organometallic enzymatic reactions that directly depend on the reactivity of metal coordinated organic ligands. This book is a valuable resource for research scientists, clinicians, and engineers.

The Porphyrin Handbook, Volume 16: Phthalocyanines: Spectroscopic and Electrochemical Characterization provides information pertinent to every aspect of the chemistry, synthesis, spectroscopy, and structure of phthalocyanines. This book examines the biology and medical implications of porphyrin systems. Organized into five chapters, this volume begins with an overview of the photophysical properties of phthalocyanines that are important in relation to photosensitizers in photodynamic therapy, photoconductor, solar cells, and artificial photosynthesis. This text then describe how the data obtained from magnetic circular dichroism spectroscopy has provided the critical information required to describe the excited and ground state degeneracies of main group metallophthalocyanines complexes. Other chapters consider the electrocatalysis by electrodes modified with phthalocyanine sensors and complexes. This book discusses as well the properties of phthalocyanines and of their complexes. The final chapter deals with the experiments with organic pigment thin films. This book is a valuable resource for research scientists, engineers, and clinicians.

The Porphyrin Handbook, Volume 17: Phthalocyanines: Properties and Materials provides information pertinent to every aspect of the chemistry, synthesis, spectroscopy, and structure of phthalocyanines. This book examines the biology and medical implications of porphyrin systems. Organized into five chapters, this volume begins with an overview of the effects of pressure, temperature, electromagnetic radiation, and particle impact on phthalocyanines. This text then examines. Other chapters consider the research on phthalocyanine thin films, with emphasis on studies that are concerned primarily with film structures. This book discusses as well the nature of the phthalocyanine aggregation process, how an aggregate is defined, and the issues of its bonding and structure. The final chapter deals with the advances in the design of composites of phthalocyanines or porphyrins and inorganic hosts and some of the most significant finding in the catalysis with these systems. This book is a valuable resource for research scientists, engineers, and clinicians.

The Porphyrin Handbook, Volume 18: Multiporphyrins, Multiphthalocyanines and Arrays provides information pertinent to every aspect of the chemistry, synthesis, spectroscopy, and structure of phthalocyanines. This book examines the biology and medical implications of porphyrin systems. Organized into five chapters, this volume begins with an overview of the results obtained in the research concerning the properties and formation of a class of metal phthalocyanine derivatives containing of two macrocyclic units. This text then examines the luminescence and photophysical data of multiporphyrin systems in which the chromophore centers are held together by weak, medium, or strong bonding interactions. Other chapters consider the intensive electronic absorption and circular dichroism properties of chiral phthalocyanines. This book discusses as well the chemistry porphyrin and corrin systems. The final chapter deals with geoporphyrins or sedimentary porphyrins, which are the most abundant porphyrin derivatives on earth. This book is a valuable resource for research scientists, engineers, and clinicians.