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On August 19, 1958, Clara Luper and thirteen Black youth walked
into Katz Drug Store in Oklahoma City and sat down at the lunch
counter. When they tried to order, they were denied service. As
they sat in silence, refusing to leave, the surrounding white
customers unleashed a torrent of threats and racial slurs. This
first organized sit-in in Oklahoma—almost two years before the
more famous sit-ins in Greensboro, North Carolina—sparked other
demonstrations in Oklahoma and other states. Behold the Walls is
Luper’s engrossing firsthand account of how the movement she
helped launch ended legal racial segregation. First published in
1979, Behold the Walls now features a new introduction and 33 newly
selected historical photos. Luper’s direct, unvarnished account
captures the immediacy of the events she witnessed. As a Black
woman, Luper refused to let either her race or her gender deter her
from stepping forth as a leader. Born in 1923, Clara Luper taught
history in Oklahoma public schools and led the NAACP Youth Council.
The students who sat in at Katz Drug and other businesses belonged
to that organization. Luper highlights the contributions of others,
especially young people, in breaking down the walls of segregation
in Oklahoma through numerous demonstrations, marches, and voter
registration campaigns. This commemorative edition of Luper’s
eye-opening autobiography, published near what would have been her
100th birthday, as well as the 65th anniversary of the sit-ins,
offers invaluable insight into the history of protest in the early
years of the civil rights movement. With racial inequality still at
the forefront of national debate, Behold the Walls places Luper’s
efforts in the larger national context of the struggle to resist
injustice and inspire positive change.
In 1921 Tulsa's Greenwood District, known then as the nation's
'Black Wall Street,' was one of the most prosperous African
American communities in the United States. But on May 31 of that
year, a white mob, inflamed by rumors that a young Black man had
attempted to rape a white teenage girl, invaded Greenwood. By the
end of the following day, thousands of homes and businesses lay in
ashes, and perhaps as many as three hundred people were dead.
Tulsa, 1921 shines new light into the shadows that have long been
cast over this extraordinary instance of racial violence. With the
clarity and descriptive power of a veteran journalist, author Randy
Krehbiel digs deep into the events and their aftermath and
investigates decades-old questions about the local culture at the
root of what one writer has called a white-led pogrom. Krehbiel
analyzes local newspaper accounts in an unprecedented effort to
gain insight into the minds of contemporary Tulsans. In the process
he considers how the Tulsa World, the Tulsa Tribune, and other
publications contributed to the circumstances that led to the
disaster and helped solidify enduring white justifications for it.
Some historians have dismissed local newspapers as too biased to be
of value for an honest account, but by contextualizing their
reports, Krehbiel renders Tulsa's papers an invaluable resource,
highlighting the influence of news media on our actions in the
present and our memories of the past. The Tulsa Massacre was a
result of racial animosity and mistrust within a culture of
political and economic corruption. In its wake, Black Tulsans were
denied redress and even the right to rebuild on their own property,
yet they ultimately prevailed and even prospered despite systemic
racism and the rise during the 1920s of the second Ku Klux Klan. As
Krehbiel considers the context and consequences of the violence and
devastation, he asks, Has the city - indeed, the nation - exorcised
the prejudices that led to this tragedy?
In 1921 Tulsa's Greenwood District, known then as the nation's
"Black Wall Street", was one of the most prosperous African
American communities in the United States. But on May 31 of that
year, a white mob, inflamed by rumors that a young black man had
attempted to rape a white teenage girl, invaded Greenwood. By the
end of the following day, thousands of homes and businesses lay in
ashes, and perhaps as many as three hundred people were dead.
Tulsa, 1921 shines new light into the shadows that have long been
cast over this extraordinary instance of racial violence. With the
clarity and descriptive power of a veteran journalist, author Randy
Krehbiel digs deep into the events and their aftermath and
investigates decades-old questions about the local culture at the
root of what one writer has called a white-led pogrom. Krehbiel
analyzes local newspaper accounts in an unprecedented effort to
gain insight into the minds of contemporary Tulsans. In the process
he considers how the Tulsa World, the Tulsa Tribune, and other
publications contributed to the circumstances that led to the
disaster and helped solidify enduring white justifications for it.
Some historians have dismissed local newspapers as too biased to be
of value for an honest account, but by contextualizing their
reports, Krehbiel renders Tulsa's papers an invaluable resource,
highlighting the influence of news media on our actions in the
present and our memories of the past. The Tulsa Massacre was a
result of racial animosity and mistrust within a culture of
political and economic corruption. In its wake, black Tulsans were
denied redress and even the right to rebuild on their own property,
yet they ultimately prevailed and even prospered despite systemic
racism and the rise during the 1920s of the second Ku Klux Klan. As
Krehbiel considers the context and consequences of the violence and
devastation, he asks, Has the city - indeed, the nation - exorcised
the prejudices that led to this tragedy?
On the evening of May 31, 1921, and in the early morning hours of
June 1, several thousand white citizens and authorities violently
attacked the African American Greenwood District of Tulsa,
Oklahoma. In the course of some twelve hours of mob violence, white
Tulsans reduced one of the nation's most prosperous black
communities to rubble and killed an estimated 300 people, mostly
African Americans. This richly illustrated volume, featuring more
than 175 photographs, along with oral testimonies, shines a new
spotlight on the race massacre from the vantage point of its
victims and survivors. Historian and Black Studies professor Karlos
K. Hill presents a range of photographs taken before, during, and
after the massacre, mostly by white photographers. Some of the
images are published here for the first time. Comparing these
photographs to those taken elsewhere in the United States of
lynchings, the author makes a powerful case for terming the 1921
outbreak not a riot but a massacre. White civilians, in many cases
assisted or condoned by local and state law enforcement,
perpetuated a systematic and coordinated attack on Black Tulsans
and their property. Despite all the violence and devastation, black
Tulsans rebuilt the Greenwood District brick by brick. By the
mid-twentieth century, Greenwood had reached a new zenith, with
nearly 250 Black-owned and Black-operated businesses. Today the
citizens of Greenwood, with support from the broader community,
continue to work diligently to revive the neighborhood once known
as 'Black Wall Street.' As a result, Hill asserts, the most
important legacy of the Tulsa Race Massacre is the grit and
resilience of the Black survivors of racist violence. The 1921
Tulsa Race Massacre: A Photographic History offers a perspective
largely missing from other accounts. At once captivating and
disturbing, it will embolden readers to confront the uncomfortable
legacy of racial violence in U.S. history.
Beyond the Rope is an interdisciplinary study that draws on
narrative theory and cultural studies methodologies to trace
African Americans' changing attitudes and relationships to lynching
over the twentieth century. Whereas African Americans are typically
framed as victims of white lynch mob violence in both scholarly and
public discourses, Karlos K. Hill reveals that in the late
nineteenth and early twentieth centuries African Americans lynched
other African Americans in response to alleged criminality, and
that twentieth-century black writers envisaged African American
lynch victims as exemplars of heroic manhood. By illuminating the
submerged histories of black vigilantism and consolidating
narratives of lynching in African American literature that framed
black victims of white lynch mob violence as heroic, Hill argues
that rather than being static and one dimensional, African American
attitudes towards lynching and the lynched black evolved in
response to changing social and political contexts.
Beyond the Rope is an interdisciplinary study that draws on
narrative theory and cultural studies methodologies to trace
African Americans' changing attitudes and relationships to lynching
over the twentieth century. Whereas African Americans are typically
framed as victims of white lynch mob violence in both scholarly and
public discourses, Karlos K. Hill reveals that in the late
nineteenth and early twentieth centuries African Americans lynched
other African Americans in response to alleged criminality, and
that twentieth-century black writers envisaged African American
lynch victims as exemplars of heroic manhood. By illuminating the
submerged histories of black vigilantism and consolidating
narratives of lynching in African American literature that framed
black victims of white lynch mob violence as heroic, Hill argues
that rather than being static and one dimensional, African American
attitudes towards lynching and the lynched black evolved in
response to changing social and political contexts.
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