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There are 2.4 billion people without improved sanitation and
another 2.1 billion with inadequate sanitation (i.e. wastewater
drains directly into surface waters), and despite improvements over
the past decades, the unsafe management of fecal waste and
wastewater continues to present a major risk to public health and
the environment (UN, 2016). There is growing interest in low cost
sanitation solutions which harness natural systems. However, it can
be difficult for wastewater utility managers to understand under
what conditions such nature-based solutions (NBS) might be
applicable and how best to combine traditional infrastructure, for
example an activated sludge treatment plant, with an NBS such as
treatment wetlands. There is increasing scientific evidence that
treatment systems with designs inspired by nature are highly
efficient treatment technologies. The cost-effective design and
implementation of ecosystems in wastewater treatment is something
that exists and has the potential to be further promoted globally
as both a sustainable and practical solution. This book serves as a
compilation of technical references, case examples and guidance for
applying nature-based solutions for treatment of domestic
wastewater, and enables a wide variety of stakeholders to
understand the design parameters, removal efficiencies, costs,
co-benefits for both people and nature and trade-offs for
consideration in their local context. Examples through case studies
are from across the globe and provide practical insights into the
variety of potentially applicable solutions.
This book provides an essential overview of ecotechnologies (also
known as green infrastructure or nature-based solutions) which are
considered to be relatively resilient to variations in stormwater
and wastewater inflow. In particular, it focuses on various types
of constructed wetlands, biofilters and ponds. Stormwater flows are
inherently variable, due to rainfall events and fluctuations in
loading. This variability has significant effects on the
performance of treatment systems, but has rarely been specifically
addressed in design manuals, performance assessments or modelling.
The book's respective chapters cover the main contaminant
categories of interest (nutrients, faecal microbes, metals and
emerging contaminants) and their removal processes using
ecotechnologies, addressing urban, industrial and agricultural
applications. In addition, they review modelling tools with the
potential to improve our understanding of flow variability and the
ability to simulate and predict responses to it.
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