The Middle English romance of Richard Coeur de Lion transforms the historical Richard I of England-a Frenchman by upbringing, who spent only four months of his reign in England, and who once joked that he would sell London to finance his Crusade if he could only find a buyer-into an aggressively English king. This act of historical revision involves the invention of several fantastic elements that give Richard the superhuman force necessary to unite the English nation and elevate it above all others. Springing from a supernatural birth and endowed with exceptional strength and an insatiable and transgressive appetite, Richard embodies a vision of triumphant Englishness that humiliates and decimates England's foes, whether they be French, German, or Muslim.