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This monograph introduces current genome editing
technologies-clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic
repeat (CRISPR)-CRISPR-associated (Cas) systems, transcription
activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), and zinc-finger
nucleases (ZFNs)-and provides an assessment of the risk of misuse
of these technologies based on the following parameters:
accessibility, ease of misuse, magnitude of potential harm, and
imminence of potential misuse. The findings from this assessment
are applied to analyze and evaluate the threat posed by the
intentional misuse of genome editing technologies to develop
biological weapons. Furthermore, the book discusses the
implications of misuse for different applications of genome
editing, such as making existing pathogens more dangerous,
modifying the human microbiome, weaponizing gene drives,
engineering super soldiers, and augmenting the general population
to confer economic advantages. Technologies that enable genome
editing with programmable nucleases-including CRISPR, TALEN, and
ZFN-allow for the precise genetic modification of organisms and
cultured cells. While these technologies are used for a variety of
beneficial applications, intelligence and defense experts have
raised concerns that genome editing technologies, especially
CRISPR, could be misused to develop new and improved biological
weapons. Furthermore, experts worry that the number and type of
actors who could potentially misuse genome editing is dramatically
increasing given the democratization of biology, which is allowing
biology to become more accessible to everyone including nonexperts.
The book provides a comprehensive assessment of how feasible it is
for users with different levels of knowledge and skill to acquire
and then to apply the technologies to develop a biological weapon.
It also provides an assessment of governability and a tailored set
of recommendations that address security concerns. These
recommendations are sensitive to the cost-benefit trade-off of
regulating genome editing technologies. The book targets
researchers as well as intelligence analysts, defense and security
personnel, and policymakers.
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