In 1961, neurobiologists found that the conduction velocity of the nerve impulse in the giant nerve fiber of the Penaeus shrimp abdominal nerve cord was over 200 m/s, the highest speed of information transmission ever observed in the animal kingdom. The peculiar myelin sheath with its unique nodal structure and the electrical properties of the nerve fibers of the shrimp have continued to be investigated for a quarter of century and are now fully described in this book. The investigation dispels the commonly held belief that the fastest recorded impulse conduction is about 120 m/s in the thickest vertebrate myelinated nerve fibers. In the shrimp, researchers found a completely novel type of functional node in the giant fiber which they designated as the fenestration node. In portions of the myelinated fiber, the fenestration node furnished the sites of excitation. Also discovered was a new strategy for increasing impulse conduction in the shrimp. The book includes a section on the formation of the fenestration node and the discovery of a strategy that allows the shrimp to escape its predators by an action of the fastest velocity. The data presented in this volume on the myelin sheath of invertebrates present a new direction for this field and a rich source of information for neurobiologists worldwide.

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the Third CCF Internet Conference of China, ICoC 2014, held in Shanghai, China, in July 2014. The 10 revised full papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 94 submissions. The papers address issues such as software defined network, network security, future Internet architecture, Internet application, network management, network protocols and models, wireless and sensor networks.

In 1961, neurobiologists found that the conduction velocity of the nerve impulse in the giant nerve fiber of the" Penaeus "shrimp abdominal nerve cord was over 200 m/s, the highest speed of information transmission ever observed in the animal kingdom. The peculiar myelin sheath with its unique nodal structure and the electrical properties of the nerve fibers of the shrimp have continued to be investigated for a quarter of century and are now fully described in this book. The investigation dispels the commonly held belief that the fastest recorded impulse conduction is about 120 m/s in the thickest vertebrate myelinated nerve fibers. In the shrimp, researchers found a completely novel type of functional node in the giant fiber which they designated as the fenestration node. In portions of the myelinated fiber, the fenestration node furnished the sites of excitation. Also discovered was a new strategy for increasing impulse conduction in the shrimp. The book includes a section on the formation of the fenestration node and the discovery of a strategy that allows the shrimp to escape its predators by an action of the fastest velocity. The data presented in this volume on the myelin sheath of invertebrates present a new direction for this field and a rich source of information for neurobiologists worldwide.

This brief guides the reader through three basic Internet resource pricing models using an Internet cost analysis. Addressing the evolution of service types, it presents several corresponding mechanisms which can ensure pricing implementation and resource allocation. The authors discuss utility optimization of network pricing methods in economics and underline two classes of pricing methods including system optimization and entities' strategic optimization. The brief closes with two examples of the newly proposed pricing strategy helping to solve the profit distribution problem brought by P2P free-riding and improve the pricing efficiency with the introduction of the price discrimination. The Internet resource pricing strategy is not only the key factor of Internet resource allocation efficiency, but also the determinant of the profit. The methods and models discussed in Internet Resource Pricing Models increase the efficiency of existing pricing strategies to ensure a sound and sustainable development of the Internet. The brief will help researchers and professionals working with this key factor of Internet resource allocation.

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the Third CCF China Blockchain Conference, CBCC 2020, held in Jinan, China, December 2020. The 8 revised full papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 64 submissions. The papers deal with research results and development activities in all aspects of blockchain science and technology.

PTEN (Phosphatase and Tensin Homolog) is a dual-specificity phosphatase, and a member of the broad protein tyrosine phosphatase family. PTEN gene encode a phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate 3-phosphatase. It plays an important role in a variety of cellular process including cell proliferation, cell differentiation, cell migration and cell death. When the PTEN enzyme functions properly, it acts as part of a pathway that signals cells to stop dividing and can cause cells to undergo programmed cell death when necessary. These functions prevent uncontrolled cell growth. When the PTEN enzyme function is disrupted, it can lead to human diseases, such as cancer, Cowden syndrome, chronic inflammatory syndromes, developmental defect and diabetes. Especially in cancer, PTEN is one of the most widely studied tumour suppresser genes. It has been found to be the second most frequently mutated gene in human cancers, second only to the tumour suppresser p53 gene. The goal of this book is to provide a wide-ranging forum in the PTEN research field, in particular, with a focus on the structure, mechanism of action and role in cell signalling and regulation. The authors contributing to this book, are all most active researchers in PTEN research field. They presented the most recent advances, approaches and future prospects on PTEN research. This book is suitable as both a professional reference and as a text for biological, medical, biomedical and pharmaceutical interest to scientists, clinicians, teachers and students.