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This book is the first to shed light on the recent opinion of
taxpayers on tax and fiscal policy in Japan through an attitude
questionnaire. It is said that Japanese taxpayers' tax morale is
high. However, taxpayers in Japan are often described as having
strong resistance to tax increases, especially consumption tax
increases. There is, then, a paradox with respect to the attitude
toward tax policies among Japanese citizens. This book provides
background information and basic descriptive statistics from
Internet surveys in Japan by the authors, who introduce their
results by focusing on tax morale and opinions with respect to a
consumption tax hike. The summary statistics indicate that while
tax morale is high, half of the respondents oppose a consumption
tax hike from 8% to 10%. Furthermore, the ideal consumption tax
rate for most respondents was less than 10% in both surveys,
suggesting that Japanese taxpayers have a strong tax resistance,
attributable to distrust of government and politicians.
Conventional wisdom dictates that a fiscal policy should be
counter-cyclical. However, contrary to this conventional views,
recent research has demonstrated that fiscal policy is actually
procyclical in most developing countries. In this book, we attempt
to propose a new interpretation of this procyclicality after
reviewing theoretical and empirical evolution of the research. In
particular, by incorporating the political effort behavior of
private agents into a weak government model, we explore how income
fluctuations affect the optimal budget deficits in a political
economy. If the government can control the political behavior,
normally, the optimal budget deficit should rise in a recession as
a first-best case; however, interestingly, a recession does not
necessarily prompt an increase in the budget deficits in a
second-best political economy. The response of the budget deficits
to income fluctuations mainly depends on the efficiency of
political effort, which may correspond to the degree of democracy
and bureaucratic efficiency of the governments. We test the
prediction of the pro-cyclical fiscal policy and find it applicable
for democratic countries with semi-efficient governments including
Japan.
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