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It is often the case - perhaps more often than not - that new ideas
arrive long before there is the me ans to clothe and deli ver them.
We can think ofLeonardo da Vinci's drawings of helicopters and
submarines among many other examples. Computer-Assisted Learning
(CAL) is an example of an idea which has had a particularly long
gestation. As I will illustrate early in the book, the principles
of CAL were really first discovered by Socrates. As a formal method
of teaching, the Socratic method disappeared for over two millennia
until the 1950s. It was then revived in the form ofProgrammed
Learning (PL) which resulted from the researches ofB. F. Skinner at
Harvard University. Even then, PL was premature. In the 1950s and
60s, methods were devised, such as teaching machines and various
sorts ofPL text books, and there was a mushrooming of PL publishing
at that time. For a complex of reason- economic, logistical and
technical-PL also largely disappeared from the mid- 60s, although
it continued in a few specialized areas ofteaching and industrial
training. However, during the same period, PL quietly transformed
itselfinto CAL. But the computerized form was not capable of mass
dissemination until recently hecause personal microcomputers did
not have sufficient internal memory sizes. That situation has now
changed very dramatically and 128K microcomputers are becoming
cheap and widely available. Cheap memory chips of256K and 1024K
cannot be far away, either.
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