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In three dimensional boundary element analysis, computation of
integrals is an important aspect since it governs the accuracy of
the analysis and also because it usually takes the major part of
the CPU time. The integrals which determine the influence matrices,
the internal field and its gradients contain (nearly) singular
kernels of order lIr a (0:= 1,2,3,4,.**) where r is the distance
between the source point and the integration point on the boundary
element. For planar elements, analytical integration may be
possible 1,2,6. However, it is becoming increasingly important in
practical boundary element codes to use curved elements, such as
the isoparametric elements, to model general curved surfaces. Since
analytical integration is not possible for general isoparametric
curved elements, one has to rely on numerical integration. When the
distance d between the source point and the element over which the
integration is performed is sufficiently large compared to the
element size (d> 1), the standard Gauss-Legendre quadrature
formula 1,3 works efficiently. However, when the source is actually
on the element (d=O), the kernel 1I~ becomes singular and the
straight forward application of the Gauss-Legendre quadrature
formula breaks down. These integrals will be called singular
integrals. Singular integrals occur when calculating the diagonals
of the influence matrices.
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