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The first episode in the final 'Only Fools and Horses' trilogy,
originally broadcast over Christmas 1996. Del is stuck with 125
Latvian radios and a job lot of baseball caps, while Cassandra has
placed Rodney on a new sex programme to hasten the arrival of their
first child.
The complete trilogy of the last ever 'Only Fools and Horses'
episodes, originally broadcast over Christmas 1996. 'Heroes and
Villains' Del is stuck with 125 Latvian radios and a job lot of
baseball caps, while Cassandra has placed Rodney on a new sex
programme to hasten the arrival of their first child. In 'Modern
Men' Cassandra is pregnant, Rodney applies for a new job. Del,
meanwhile is attempting to convert himself into a 'new man' - he's
reading a book and everything. Whilst in 'Time on Our Hands'
Racquel's parents are coming to dinner, and it seems that a
purchase made by Rodney when he first joined TITCO might be about
to make the Trotter brothers millionaires after all.
The publication of The 9/11 Commission Report, the war in Iraq, and
subsequent negotiation of the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism
Prevention Act of 2004 have provoked the most intense debate over
the future of American intelligence since the end of World War II.
For observers of this national discussion-as well as of future
debates that are all but inevitable-this paper offers a historical
perspective on reform studies and proposals that have appeared over
the course of the US Intelligence Community's evolution into its
present form. We have examined the origins, context, and results of
14 significant official studies that have surveyed the American
intelligence system since 1947. We explore the reasons these
studies were launched, the recommendations they made, and the
principal results that they achieved. It should surprise no one
that many of the issues involved-such as the institutional
relationships between military and civilian intelligence
leaders-remain controversial to the present time. For this reason,
we have tried both to clarify the perennial issues that arise in
intelligence reform efforts and to determine those factors that
favor or frustrate their resolution. Of the 14 reform surveys we
examined, only the following achieved substantial success in
promoting the changes they proposed: the Dulles Report (1949), the
Schlesinger Report (1971), the Church Committee Report (1976), and
the 9/11 Commission Report (2004). Having examined these and other
surveys of the Intelligence Community, we recognize that much of
the change since 1947 has been more ad hoc than systematically
planned. Our investigation indicates that to bring about
significant change, a study commission has had to get two things
right: process and substance. Two studies that had large and
comparatively rapid effects-the 1949 Dulles Report and the 1971
Schlesinger Report-were both sponsored by the National Security
Council. The 9/11 Commission, with its public hearings in the midst
of an election season, had even more impact, while the Church
Committee's effects were indirect but eventually powerful. It's
perhaps worth noting that a study commission whose chairman later
became DCI, as in the case of Allen Dulles and James Schlesinger,
is also likely to have a lasting influence. Finally, studies
conducted on the eve of or during a war, or in a war's immediate
aftermath, are more likely to lead to change. The 1947 National
Security Act drew lessons from World War II, and it was the
outbreak of the Korean War in 1950 that brought about the
intelligence reforms the Dulles Report had proposed over a year
earlier. The 1971 Schlesinger Report responded to President Nixon's
need to cut spending as he extracted the United States from the
Vietnam War. The breakdown of the Cold War defense and foreign
policy consensus during the Vietnam War set the scene for the
Church Committee's investigations during 1975-76, but the fact that
US troops were not in combat at the time certainly diminished the
influence of its conclusions. In contrast, the 9/11 Commission
Report was published at the height of a national debate over the
War on Terror and the operations in Iraq, which magnified its
salience. Finally, in the substance of these reports, one large
trend is evident over the years. Studies whose recommendations have
caused power in the Intelligence Community to gravitate toward
either the Director of Central Intelligence or the Office of the
Secretary of Defense-or both-have generally had the most influence.
This pattern of increasing concentration of intelligence power in
the DCI and Secretary of Defense endured from the 1940s through the
1990s, whether Democrats or Republicans controlled the White House
or Congress. When a new pattern of influence and cooperation forms,
we are confident that future reform surveys will not hesitate to
propose ways to improve it.
Murdoch Campbell's books in English - including Gleanings of
Highland Harvest, The Loveliest Story Ever Told, and Memories of a
Wayfaring Man - are cherished by many. He reserved his native
Gaelic for poetry and song, as well as for pulpit and parish. Any
publication of Gaelic religious poetry is now a rare event, and
this small collection is welcome not only for its content but also
for its craftsmanship and passion. It exhibits a fluent command of
the traditional Gaelic bardic style while disclosing, behind this,
a perceptive mind, a warm heart and an ardent evangelicalism. These
poems point both those who knew him, and new readers, to 'wells of
joy' which he found incomparable and tirelessly commended.
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