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The modern research university originated in Europe in the second
half of the nineteenth century, largely due to the creation and
expansion of the teaching and research laboratory. The universities
and the sciences underwent a laboratory revolution that
fundamentally changed the nature of both. This revolutionary
development began in chemistry, where Justus Liebig is credited
with systematically employing his students in his ongoing research
during the 1830s. Later, this development spread to other fields,
including the social sciences and the humanities. The consequences
for the universities were colossal. The expansion of the
laboratories demanded extensive new building programs, reshaping
the outlook of the university. The social structure of the
university also diversified because of this laboratory expansion,
while what it meant to be a scientist changed dramatically. This
volume explores the spatial, social, and cultural dimensions of the
rise of the modern research laboratory within universities and
their consequent reshaping.
In the 400 years of its modern history the Netherlands has produced
a distinguished array of eminent mathematicians, scientists and
medical researchers including many Nobel-prize winners and other
internationally recognised figures, from Stevin, Snel, and Huygens
in the 17th century to Lorentz, Kammerlingh Onnes, Buys Ballot, De
Vries, de Sitter, and Oort in the 19th and 20th centuries. Yet it
has often been noted that the history of science in the Netherlands
is underepresented in the international literature. The handbook "A
History of Science in The Netherlands" aims to correct this
situation by providing a chronological and thematic survey of the
field from the 16th century to the present, essays on selected
aspects of science in the Netherlands, and reference biographies of
about 65 important Dutch scientists. Written by more than 10
experts from Europe and North America, the handbook is the standard
English-language reference work for the field.
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