This reference summarizes and overviews current research on adolescence in 31 countries from around the world. The volume begins with a discussion of interdisciplinary and international perspectives on adolescence, with special attention to psychological and sociological approaches. Each of the chapters that follow considers adolescence in a particular country, and the chapters are arranged alphabetically for ease of use. To foster comparative research, each chapter shares a common format, with sections on the historical and sociodemographic background of adolescence since 1945, sociocultural patterns of rites of passage, psychological and social problem behaviors, and policy matters. Each chapter concludes with a list of current references, and the volume ends with a selected bibliography and an appendix of key researchers.

Gen Z is a vital, thought-provoking portrait of an astonishing generation. Drawing on first-hand interviews and empirical evidence, it offers insight into the boom in political activism amongst those born post-2000, exploring its roots and wide implications for the future of our society. As environmental disaster threatens the fundamental existence and livelihoods of Generation Z, this book considers how the fact that they have taken up the fight is likely to be one of the best things that could have happened to them. Focusing on the school climate change strikes and Greta Thunberg as initiator and icon of the Fridays for Future movement, it reveals the evolving world of Gen Z at school, at work, at home and online. It documents the development of their politicisation, the challenges they and their activism face in light of the global pandemic and considers how the experience of those on the margins can differ from their peers. Gen Z is a compelling study of how fighting the climate crisis is only the beginning for these young people. It offers insight for all those interested in the study of adolescence and emerging adulthood, as well as teachers, youth workers, civil society activists, policymakers, politicians and parents who want to understand young people's aspirations for the future.

Gen Z is a vital, thought-provoking portrait of an astonishing generation. Drawing on first-hand interviews and empirical evidence, it offers insight into the boom in political activism amongst those born post-2000, exploring its roots and wide implications for the future of our society. As environmental disaster threatens the fundamental existence and livelihoods of Generation Z, this book considers how the fact that they have taken up the fight is likely to be one of the best things that could have happened to them. Focusing on the school climate change strikes and Greta Thunberg as initiator and icon of the Fridays for Future movement, it reveals the evolving world of Gen Z at school, at work, at home and online. It documents the development of their politicisation, the challenges they and their activism face in light of the global pandemic and considers how the experience of those on the margins can differ from their peers. Gen Z is a compelling study of how fighting the climate crisis is only the beginning for these young people. It offers insight for all those interested in the study of adolescence and emerging adulthood, as well as teachers, youth workers, civil society activists, policymakers, politicians and parents who want to understand young people's aspirations for the future.

The topic of adolescent development in Europe is one which has received little academic attention in recent years. Developmental Tasks in Adolescence makes an exciting contribution to the field by applying socialisation theory to four major developmental tasks of life: Qualifying, Bonding, Consumption and Participation, arguing that if the tasks in these areas are mastered, then personal individuation and social integration can take place, a prerequisite for the formation of self-identity. In highly developed societies, adolescence encompasses a period of about 15 years on average. Puberty, or the transition from childhood, starts earlier and earlier, and the transition to adulthood is increasingly postponed. Developmental Tasks in Adolescence proposes that the way in which adolescents master the tasks of everyday life has become a pattern of orientation for the life stages which follow because of the new lifestyle requirements that are typical for modern democratic societies. Today, a life full of uncertainties and ambiguities is no longer limited to adolescence, but rather continues into adulthood. Hurrelmann and Quenzel's sociological approach is valuable reading for students and academics in psychology, sociology, education, social work and youth studies, and for those on professional training courses in these fields.

This comprehensive text highlights new developments in sociological, educational and psychological aspects of socialisation, examining how human beings as 'subjects' - experiencing, thinking and acting individuals - confront the material, social and cultural 'objects' of their environment and sustain their position. The authors provide an overview of the most important theories of socialisation, then integrate these using the Productive Processing of Reality (PPR) model. This novel approach is applied to a life course analysis, examining developmental tasks and the challenges of productive processing of the internal and external reality at various stages of development. The book also considers contexts, addressing the inequalities between different socio-economic and ethnic groups and genders, to consider how humans - with their genetic dispositions and their individual instincts and needs - solve the task of coping with the requirements of society, culture and economy while at the same time safeguarding their status as unique individuals. It is core reading for advanced students on socialisation modules in developmental or social psychology and educational sciences and is additionally of value for the professional training of sociologists, teachers and social workers. It is also relevant for all those interested in elementary questions of how the interaction between the society and the individual works; how human beings deal not only with themselves but also with their social and physical environment, and how they shape it in their own way.

This comprehensive text highlights new developments in sociological, educational and psychological aspects of socialisation, examining how human beings as 'subjects' - experiencing, thinking and acting individuals - confront the material, social and cultural 'objects' of their environment and sustain their position. The authors provide an overview of the most important theories of socialisation, then integrate these using the Productive Processing of Reality (PPR) model. This novel approach is applied to a life course analysis, examining developmental tasks and the challenges of productive processing of the internal and external reality at various stages of development. The book also considers contexts, addressing the inequalities between different socio-economic and ethnic groups and genders, to consider how humans - with their genetic dispositions and their individual instincts and needs - solve the task of coping with the requirements of society, culture and economy while at the same time safeguarding their status as unique individuals. It is core reading for advanced students on socialisation modules in developmental or social psychology and educational sciences and is additionally of value for the professional training of sociologists, teachers and social workers. It is also relevant for all those interested in elementary questions of how the interaction between the society and the individual works; how human beings deal not only with themselves but also with their social and physical environment, and how they shape it in their own way.

At the end of the 20th century, many of the major health problems facing highly industrialized nations stem from advanced technology, a richer diet, and lengthened life span. The scope of public health has greatly expanded. While health hazards to the public have increased, the strategies available to remedy them have grown commensurably. Public health has borrowed and adapted knowledge from the biological, medical, behavioral, and social sciences, and has been quick to recognize the potential of new fields such as the management sciences for safeguarding the health of the community. Through chapters written by expert contributors, this reference provides a synopsis of the state of the development of public health in twenty countries around the world. These countries vary considerably in national policies for organizing health services. Some are heavily industrialized, such as Germany and the United States, while others, such as Tanzania and Thailand, are less developed. Each chapter is devoted to a particular country, with chapters discussing similar issues in order to foster comparisons. Chapters discuss the overall status of public health from practice to research and teaching, and take into account the resulting health effects and the quality and efficiency of the delivery systems. Chapters include extensive references, and an appendix lists organizations in each country.

The topic of adolescent development in Europe is one which has received little academic attention in recent years. Developmental Tasks in Adolescence makes an exciting contribution to the field by applying socialisation theory to four major developmental tasks of life: Qualifying, Bonding, Consumption and Participation, arguing that if the tasks in these areas are mastered, then personal individuation and social integration can take place, a prerequisite for the formation of self-identity. In highly developed societies, adolescence encompasses a period of about 15 years on average. Puberty, or the transition from childhood, starts earlier and earlier, and the transition to adulthood is increasingly postponed. Developmental Tasks in Adolescence proposes that the way in which adolescents master the tasks of everyday life has become a pattern of orientation for the life stages which follow because of the new lifestyle requirements that are typical for modern democratic societies. Today, a life full of uncertainties and ambiguities is no longer limited to adolescence, but rather continues into adulthood. Hurrelmann and Quenzel's sociological approach is valuable reading for students and academics in psychology, sociology, education, social work and youth studies, and for those on professional training courses in these fields.

This book provides an overview of investigations into the interrela tions between stressful living conditions, individual coping strategies, and social support networks, on the one hand, and physiological, psychological, and social "health," on the other. Health is used as a broad term, and is defined as a state of physical and mental well being by which an individual is capable of processing inner and outer reality in a productive and satisfying manner. The potential stresses and strains inherent in the lifestyles of children, adolescents, and adults in contemporary industrial societies are the prime concern of this book. I try to offer a comprehensive view which takes modern socialization theory as its starting point. Chapter 1 introduces the subject and discusses the psychological and social "costs" that accompany life within modern industrial soci ety. Chapter 2 reviews research on types and distribution of social, psychological, and somatic disorders. Chapter 3 explores the risk fac tors and constellations of stressful life events, role conflicts, and tran sitions and focuses on the changes in types of demand or strains throughout the life span. Chapter 4 contains an analysis of the per sonal and social "resources" that can be mobilized if stress occurs."

This book develops a new model of the genesis of health, on the basis of the interplay between genetic and environmental factors. Hurrelmann and Richter build upon the basic theories of health and the popular model of salutogenesis to offer a comprehensive interdisciplinary theory of health genesis and success: Productive Processing of Reality (PPR). The authors show that health is the lifelong dynamic process of dealing with the internal reality of physical and psychological impulses and the external reality of social and material impulses. To demonstrate this, the book is split into three interconnected parts. Part A analyses the determinants of health, providing an overview of the insights of current research and the impact of socioeconomic influences and gender on health. Part B covers public health, social, learning and coping theories, all of which understand health as an interaction between people and their environment. Part C draws on these four theories to outline PPR, stressing the interrelation between physical and mental constitution and the demands of the social and mental environment, and suggesting strategies for coping with these demands during the life course. Understanding Public Health: Productive Processing of Internal and External Reality will be valuable reading for students and researchers in psychology, sociology, educational science, public health and medical science, and for policymakers in public health.

Health and well-being during adolescence depends largely on the fit between the young person's developmental needs and desires and opportunities provided by the changing context. In Health Risks and Developmental Transitions, prominent researchers in the adolescent field examine how various developmental transitions associated with the passage from childhood to adulthood provide risks and opportunities for adolescents' mental and physical health. Given the importance of adolescence in determining the course of health and well-being across the life span, efforts to ease the various transitions into and out of adolescence will yield long-term health benefits. By focusing on the link between health risks, developmental transitions, individual and contextual conditions and planned interventions that moderate the link, this interdisciplinary book provides the foundation for a unifying framework for research and application in health and human development.

This book develops a new model of the genesis of health, on the basis of the interplay between genetic and environmental factors. Hurrelmann and Richter build upon the basic theories of health and the popular model of salutogenesis to offer a comprehensive interdisciplinary theory of health genesis and success: Productive Processing of Reality (PPR). The authors show that health is the lifelong dynamic process of dealing with the internal reality of physical and psychological impulses and the external reality of social and material impulses. To demonstrate this, the book is split into three interconnected parts. Part A analyses the determinants of health, providing an overview of the insights of current research and the impact of socioeconomic influences and gender on health. Part B covers public health, social, learning and coping theories, all of which understand health as an interaction between people and their environment. Part C draws on these four theories to outline PPR, stressing the interrelation between physical and mental constitution and the demands of the social and mental environment, and suggesting strategies for coping with these demands during the life course. Understanding Public Health: Productive Processing of Internal and External Reality will be valuable reading for students and researchers in psychology, sociology, educational science, public health and medical science, and for policymakers in public health.

Dieser Band bietet einen systematischen Überblick über die zentralen theoretischen Debatten und empirischen Grundlagen der Soziologie von Gesundheit und Krankheit. Führende Expertinnen und Experten geben einen detaillierten Einblick in die relevanten Inhalte und aktuellen Entwicklungen der Disziplin, zum Beispiel die sozialen Determinanten von Gesundheit, die Erfahrung und Bewältigung von Krankheit oder die soziale Organisation der gesundheitlichen Versorgung. Jedes Kapitel orientiert sich an zentralen Fragestellungen, schließt mit einem Fazit ab und bietet darüber hinaus konkrete Diskussionsanregungen und Empfehlungen zur inhaltlichen Vertiefung. Das Buch bildet dadurch die ideale Grundlage für Studierende sowie den Einsatz in der Lehre.

Socialisation is here understood as the process of the emergence, formation and development of personality in dependence on and interaction with the human organism on the one hand and the social and material environment on the other hand. In this thoughtful book, Klaus Hurrelmann analyses the concepts of human development underlying the different sociological and psychological theories of personality development that he presents and compares. He then proposes his own concept of socialisation: the individual as a productive processor of internal and external reality. He goes on to discuss the organised societal contexts of socialisation (such as schools) and the family and other informal settings; and to review research on the relation between living conditions, risk factors in stress, psychosocial disorders and strategies for prevention and intervention. A wide readership will welcome this comprehensive view of the relationship between social structure and personality.

Die Gleichstellung von Frauen und Mannern ist in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland im Rahmen gesetzlicher Bestimmungen de jure weitgehend er reicht. Dennoch bestehen de facto soziale Benachteiligungen in den verschie densten Gesellschaftsbereichen: So sind Frauen in den Bereichen Wirtschaft, Technik, Wissenschaft und Politik immer noch stark benachteiligt und finden keine ihrem Anteil an der Bevolkerung annahernd entsprechende Reprasenta tion. AuBerdem haben Frauen eher die untergeordneten und assistierenden Positionen inne, Manner eher die fiihrenden und beaufsichtigenden; zudem konzentrieren sie sich iiberwiegend auf wenige "frauentypische" Berufe. 1m Bildungssystem dagegen, vor allem im Sekundarschulbereich, sind Madchen auf den ersten Blick angemessen reprasentiert, so daB bereits von einer sozialen Benachteiligung der Jungen in Realschulen und Gyrnnasien ge sprochen wird (vgl. Niedersachsischer Landtag 1978, 1979). Fraglich ist aber, ob aus einer solchen zahlenmal3ig guten Vertretung von Madchen in diesem Sektor des Bildungssystems gefolgert werden darf, daB sie damit die gleichen Bildungs-und Berufschancen haben wie Jungen und ob sie damit der faktischen Gleichberechtigung ein StUck naher gekommen sind (so z.B. Hogner 1978, Kernich-Mohringer 1978, Krinner 1979, Kohler und Zymek 1981, Eigler et al. 1980)."

Anerkannte Experten stellen interdisziplinar die Aufgaben und Arbeitsweisen der Gesundheitswissenschaften vor. Sie beschreiben nicht nur eine Ausgangsanalyse des Gesundheits-zustands der Bevolkerung, sondern leiten gleichzeitig den Bedarf an Versorgungsleistungen ab. Damit werden die verschiedenen Arbeitsschritte der gesundheitswissenschaftlichen Forschung und Praxis anschaulich transparent gemacht. Concise text: Praxisbezogene Analyse der Gesundheitssituation in der Bevolkerung und systematische Bestandsaufnahme der Versorgungsstrukturen.

Obwohl Bildungsbenachteiligung seit langem ein Thema der Ungleichheitsforschung ist, sind die individuellen und strukturellen Ursachen der neuen Bildungsarmut nur wenig erforscht. Das Buch schliesst diese Lucke. Wahrend sich der Wettbewerb auf dem Arbeitsmarkt verscharft, geraten diejenigen ins Hintertreffen, die den wachsenden Qualifikationsanforderungen nicht nachkommen. Diese sind von dauerhafter Exklusion aus dem Arbeitsmarkt bedroht - mit Konsequenzen fur die soziale Integration, die Lebenszufriedenheit, die Gesundheit und die politischen Einstellungen. Dieses Buch versammelt die aktuelle Forschung uber die Ursachen und die Folgen der neuen Ungleichheiten in der Bildungsgesellschaft. Es beantwortet die Frage, wer heute zu den "Bildungsverlieren" gehoert, welche individuellen und gesellschaftlichen Ursachen Bildungsarmut hat, was es fur ein Individuen bedeutet, zu den "Bildungsverlierern" zu gehoeren, was es eine Gesellschaft kostet, einen Teil ihrer Jugend quasi "abzuhangen", und sucht nach effizienten politischen und padagogischen Interventionsansatzen.