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The need to reform energy subsidies was one of the pressing issues
highlighted at the World Summit on Sustainable Development. Many
types of subsidy, especially those that encourage the production
and use of fossil fuel, and other non-renewable forms of energy,
are harmful to the environment. They can also have high financial
and economic costs, and often only bring few benefits to the people
for whom they are intended.Removing, reducing or restructuring such
energy subsidies is helpful for the environment and the economy at
the same time. Potential social costs in terms of employment in the
conventional energy industry or reduced access to energy could be
addressed by redirecting the money formerly spent on subsidies to
income support, health, environment, education or regional
development programmes.Of course, subsidies can have certain
positive consequences, particularly where they are aimed at
encouraging more sustainable energy production and use. Temporary
support for renewable energy and energy-efficient technologies to
overcome market barriers, and measures to improve poor or rural
households' access to modern, commercial forms of energy, for
instance, could be positive measures in support of sustainable
development.Based on ground-breaking work undertaken by UNEP and
the International Energy Agency, this book aims to raise awareness
of the actual and potential impacts of energy subsidies and provide
guidance to policy-makers on how to design and implement
energy-subsidy reforms. It provides methodologies for analysing the
impact of subsidies and their reform, and reviews experiences with
energy subsidies in a number of countries and regions. Drawing on
these case studies, it analyses the lessons learned as well as the
policy implications, and provides guidance on how to overcome
resistance to reform.The book provides an analytical framework
which aims to set the scene for the detailed discussion of
energy-subsidy issues at the country level. It considers how
subsidies are defined, how they can be measured, how big they are
and how their effects can be assessed. A more detailed discussion
of methodological approaches to the assessment of the economic,
environmental and social effects of subsidies and their reform is
contained in the Annex.Chapters 3-11 of the book contain country
case studies from contributing authors, which review various
experiences and issues related to energy subsidies in selected
countries, but do not strive for a common approach. They are
organised along geographical lines, beginning with a review of
energy subsidies generally in OECD countries. Case studies of
energy subsidies in transition economies - the Czech and Slovak
Republics (Chapter 4) and Russia (Chapter 5) - follow. Three
studies of Asian countries focus on the costs of different types of
energy subsidy: electricity subsidies in India (Chapter 6), oil
subsidies in Indonesia (Chapter 7) and energy subsidies generally
in Korea (Chapter 8). Chapter 9 reviews the effect of energy
subsidies in Iran and suggests a pragmatic approach to reforming
them. This is followed by an assessment of the LPG subsidy
programme in Senegal (Chapter 10) and an analysis of the effects of
removing coal and oil subsides in Chile (Chapter 11).Chapter 12
analyses the lessons learned from these case studies, focusing on
the economic, environmental and social effects and their
implications for policy. Finally, Chapter 13 discusses the
implications of these findings and makes practical recommendations
for designing and implementing policy reforms.This book will be
essential for both practitioners and academics involved in the
energy sector and for governments and policy-makers wishing to
examine the reform of energy subsidies.
When a country emerges from violent conflict, the management of the
environment and natural resources has important implications for
short-term peacebuilding and long-term stability, particularly if
natural resources were a factor in the conflict, play a major role
in the national economy, or broadly support livelihoods. Only
recently, however, have the assessment, harnessing, and restoration
of the natural resource base become essential components of
postconflict peacebuilding. This book, by thirty-five authors,
examines the experiences of more than twenty countries and
territories in assessing post-conflict environmental damage and
natural resource degradation and their implications for human
health, livelihoods, and security. The book also illustrates how an
understanding of both the risks and opportunities associated with
natural resources can help decision makers manage natural resources
in ways that create jobs, sustain livelihoods, and contribute to
economic recovery and reconciliation, without creating new
grievances or significant environmental degradation. Finally, the
book offers lessons from the remediation of environmental hot
spots, restoration of damaged ecosystems, and reconstruction of the
environmental services and infrastructure necessary for a
sustainable peace. Assessing and Restoring Natural Resources in
Post-Conflict Peacebuilding is part of a global initiative to
identify and analyze lessons in post-conflict peacebuilding and
natural resource management. The project has generated six books of
case studies and analyses, with contributions by practitioners,
policy makers, and researchers. Other books address highvalue
resources, land, water, livelihoods, and governance.
Which new institutions do we need in order to trigger local- and
global sustainable urban development? Are cities the right starting
points for implementing sustainability policies? If so, what are
the implications for city management? This book reflects the
situation of cities in the context of global change and increasing
demands for sustainable development. The book introduces core
findings, new methods, and international experience related to
sustainability innovations and the social transformation of cities,
synthesizing insights from megacity research, sustainability
science, and urban planning. Written by a team of more than fifty
leading researchers and practitioners from all five continents, it
traces general urban transformations and introduces new approaches
such as: smart growth strategies; cross-sectoral, transdisciplinary
urban transition management; rubanisation; and city syntegration.
The book reveals the potential of new, networked agencies of
sustainability transformation, and discusses the role of science
institutions in the diffusion and implementation of institutional
and social innovations. This comprehensive book is of immense value
to students, researchers, and professionals working on issues of
sustainable development, in environmental programs in human
geography, planning and the built environment, sociology and policy
studies, institutional economics, and environmental politics.
Which new institutions do we need in order to trigger local- and
global sustainable urban development? Are cities the right starting
points for implementing sustainability policies? If so, what are
the implications for city management? This book reflects the
situation of cities in the context of global change and increasing
demands for sustainable development. The book introduces core
findings, new methods, and international experience related to
sustainability innovations and the social transformation of cities,
synthesizing insights from megacity research, sustainability
science, and urban planning. Written by a team of more than fifty
leading researchers and practitioners from all five continents, it
traces general urban transformations and introduces new approaches
such as: smart growth strategies; cross-sectoral, transdisciplinary
urban transition management; rubanisation; and city syntegration.
The book reveals the potential of new, networked agencies of
sustainability transformation, and discusses the role of science
institutions in the diffusion and implementation of institutional
and social innovations. This comprehensive book is of immense value
to students, researchers, and professionals working on issues of
sustainable development, in environmental programs in human
geography, planning and the built environment, sociology and policy
studies, institutional economics, and environmental politics.
When a country emerges from violent conflict, the management of the
environment and natural resources has important implications for
short-term peacebuilding and long-term stability, particularly if
natural resources were a factor in the conflict, play a major role
in the national economy, or broadly support livelihoods. Only
recently, however, have the assessment, harnessing, and restoration
of the natural resource base become essential components of
postconflict peacebuilding. This book, by thirty-five authors,
examines the experiences of more than twenty countries and
territories in assessing post-conflict environmental damage and
natural resource degradation and their implications for human
health, livelihoods, and security. The book also illustrates how an
understanding of both the risks and opportunities associated with
natural resources can help decision makers manage natural resources
in ways that create jobs, sustain livelihoods, and contribute to
economic recovery and reconciliation, without creating new
grievances or significant environmental degradation. Finally, the
book offers lessons from the remediation of environmental hot
spots, restoration of damaged ecosystems, and reconstruction of the
environmental services and infrastructure necessary for a
sustainable peace. Assessing and Restoring Natural Resources in
Post-Conflict Peacebuilding is part of a global initiative to
identify and analyze lessons in post-conflict peacebuilding and
natural resource management. The project has generated six books of
case studies and analyses, with contributions by practitioners,
policy makers, and researchers. Other books address highvalue
resources, land, water, livelihoods, and governance.
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