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This book presents a comprehensive overview of hydroacoustics and
describes the physical basis of acoustic processes observed in the
sea. In addition, it discusses the basic concepts and provides
simplified models of sound propagation and acoustic phenomena at
the boundary between environments. Lastly, the book examines in
detail a number of applications of ocean acoustics and methods. The
ocean is the last reserve of natural resources. It is also an
essential element in the biosphere, ensuring the latter's balance,
and plays a pivotal role in the Earth's climate system and global
warming. Consequently, studying the ocean is one of humankind's
most critical scientific tasks, but penetrating its mysteries is no
mean feat. Acoustics (hydroacoustics) is one of the most powerful
tools for examining the water layer and beyond, since sound waves
are the only type of radiation that can propagate over distances of
hundreds and even thousands of kilometers in the ocean. This unique
resource appeals to specialists working in the fields of ocean and
atmosphere physics, students and postgraduate students studying sea
physics and oceanology, and anyone who is interested in the
problems the ocean is currently facing.
This book is the result of collaboration within the framework of
the Third International Scientific School for Young Scientists held
at the Ishlinskii Institute for Problems in Mechanics of Russian
Academy of Sciences, 2017, November. The papers included describe
studies on the dynamics of natural system - geosphere, hydrosphere,
atmosphere-and their interactions, the human contribution to
naturally occurring processes, laboratory modeling of earth and
environment processes, and testing of new developed physical and
mathematical models. The book particularly focuses on modeling in
the field of oil and gas production as well as new alternative
energy sources.
This book is the result of collaboration within the framework of
the Third International Scientific School for Young Scientists held
at the Ishlinskii Institute for Problems in Mechanics of Russian
Academy of Sciences, 2017, November. The papers included describe
studies on the dynamics of natural system - geosphere, hydrosphere,
atmosphere-and their interactions, the human contribution to
naturally occurring processes, laboratory modeling of earth and
environment processes, and testing of new developed physical and
mathematical models. The book particularly focuses on modeling in
the field of oil and gas production as well as new alternative
energy sources.
This book describes a comprehensive selection of ocean processes
such as wave phenomena (surface, internal gravitational, and
acoustic waves), the influence of surfactants and pollutants on the
aquatic environment's dynamics, the models of the stratified
natural environment, convective phenomena in the ocean, and the
interaction of wave and convective processes. Finally, this book
dedicates the last section to unsolved problems in the physics of
anomalous waves. Most of the chapters present the most hegemonic
theories but also they introduce the revulsive ideas based on
alternative approaches. The underlying mathematical models are
scientifically justified both at the physical and formal
mathematical levels. In all known limiting cases lead to well-known
classical results. They are in good agreement with experimental
data. Several sections show the application of developed approaches
to the description of natural phenomena. The book is of interest to
specialists working in the field of ocean physics, as well as
undergraduate and graduate students specializing in marine physics
and oceanography.
This book considers the formation of the signal reflected from the
sea surface when sensing in the radio and optical range. Currently,
remote sensing from space is the main source of information about
the processes taking place in the atmosphere and ocean. The correct
interpretation of remote sensing data requires detailed information
about the rough surface that forms the reflected signal. The first
three chapters describe the statistical and spatial-temporal
characteristics of the sea surface, focusing on the effects
associated with the nonlinearity of sea surface waves. The analysis
makes extensive use of data obtained by the authors on a stationary
oceanographic platform located on the Black sea. In the next seven
chapters, the authors analyze how the nonlinearity of waves affects
the formation of a signal reflected from the sea surface.This book
is geared for advanced level research in the general subject area
of remote sensing and modeling as they apply to the coastal marine
environment. It is of value to scientists and engineers involved in
the development of methods and instruments of remote sensing,
analysis and interpretation of data. It is useful for students who
have decided to devote themselves to the study of the oceans.
This book describes a comprehensive selection of ocean processes
such as wave phenomena (surface, internal gravitational, and
acoustic waves), the influence of surfactants and pollutants on the
aquatic environment's dynamics, the models of the stratified
natural environment, convective phenomena in the ocean, and the
interaction of wave and convective processes. Finally, this book
dedicates the last section to unsolved problems in the physics of
anomalous waves. Most of the chapters present the most hegemonic
theories but also they introduce the revulsive ideas based on
alternative approaches. The underlying mathematical models are
scientifically justified both at the physical and formal
mathematical levels. In all known limiting cases lead to well-known
classical results. They are in good agreement with experimental
data. Several sections show the application of developed approaches
to the description of natural phenomena. The book is of interest to
specialists working in the field of ocean physics, as well as
undergraduate and graduate students specializing in marine physics
and oceanography.
This book provides information on the causes, consequences, and
possible solutions to modern environmental problems associated with
ocean pollution with a particular focus on the Back Sea. The oceans
are a vast but fragile complex. In recent decades, it has become
especially manifest when ocean pollution has reached an
unparalleled situation. Meanwhile, not only the well-being of
ecosystems depends on the state of ocean waters, but human
civilization largely depends on the oceans as a consequence of
environmental dependence. This book examines the consequences of
pollutants such as oil and hydrocarbon products (including plastics
and microplastics), water acidification, sewage, wastewaters
discharge into the ocean, thermal pollution, nuclear pollution, and
biological pollution. Beyond the types of pollutants and their
consequences, this book outlines the state of the art of the legal
situation internationally regarding ocean pollution. The authors
also show the current pollution of the inland seas, taking as an
example of the Black Sea (anthropogenic and natural sources of
pollution, its shelf, and shallow waters as well as international
legislation). A part of the book analyzes the main types of
environmental monitoring of the oceans and their role in solving
ocean pollution problems with a particular interest in the Black
Sea. The book is of interest to specialists in ocean pollution,
ecologists, oceanologists, students, and graduate students studying
oceanography, marine ecology, current methods of environmental
monitoring, and legal problems related to the oceans and seas
pollution, as well as to anyone interested in modern problems of
the oceans.
This book considers the formation of the signal reflected from the
sea surface when sensing in the radio and optical range. Currently,
remote sensing from space is the main source of information about
the processes taking place in the atmosphere and ocean. The correct
interpretation of remote sensing data requires detailed information
about the rough surface that forms the reflected signal. The first
three chapters describe the statistical and spatial-temporal
characteristics of the sea surface, focusing on the effects
associated with the nonlinearity of sea surface waves. The analysis
makes extensive use of data obtained by the authors on a stationary
oceanographic platform located on the Black sea. In the next seven
chapters, the authors analyze how the nonlinearity of waves affects
the formation of a signal reflected from the sea surface.This book
is geared for advanced level research in the general subject area
of remote sensing and modeling as they apply to the coastal marine
environment. It is of value to scientists and engineers involved in
the development of methods and instruments of remote sensing,
analysis and interpretation of data. It is useful for students who
have decided to devote themselves to the study of the oceans.
This book entitled "Physical and Mathematical Modeling of Earth and
Environment Processes" is the result of a collaborative work after
the 4th international scientific youth forum held at the IPMech RAS
on November 1-3, 2018. The book includes theoretical and
experimental studies of processes in the atmosphere, oceans, the
lithosphere and their interaction; environmental issues; problems
of human impact on the environment; methods of geophysical
research. A special focus is given to the extraction of hydrocarbon
resources, including unconventional sources. This book also focuses
on new approaches to the development of hydrocarbon fields, very
important in today's geopolitical conditions. The book presents new
results of the experimental and theoretical modeling of
deformation, fracture and filtration processes in the rocks in
connection with issues of creating scientific fundamentals for new
hydrocarbon production technologies.
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