This series presents studies that have used the paradigm of landscape ecology. Other approaches, both to landscape and landscape ecology are common, but in the last decade landscape ecology has become distinct from its predecessors and its contemporaries. Landscape ecology addresses the relationships among spatial patterns, temporal patterns and ecological processes. The effect of spatial configurations on ecological processes is fundamental. When human activity is an important variable affecting those relationships, landscape ecology includes it. Spatial and temporal scales are as large as needed for comprehension of system processes and the mosaic included may be very heterogeneous. Intellec tual utility and applicability of results are valued equally. The Inter national Association for Landscape Ecology sponsors this series of studies in order to introduce and disseminate some of the new knowledge that is being produced by this exciting new environmental science. Gray Merriam Ottawa, Canada Foreword This is a book about real nature, or as close to real as we know - a nature of heterogeneous landscapes, wild and humanized, fine-grained and coarse-grained, wet and dry, hilly and flat, temperate and not so temper ate. Real nature is never uniform. At whatever spatial scale we examine nature, we encounter patchiness. If we were to look down from high above at a landscape of millions of hectares, using a zoom lens to move in and out from broad overview to detailed inspection of a square meter we would see that patterns visible at different scales overlay one another."

This series presents studies that have used the paradigm of landscape ecology. Other approaches, both to landscape and landscape ecology are common, but in the last decade landscape ecology has become distinct from its predecessors and its contemporaries. Landscape ecology addresses the relationships among spatial patterns, temporal patterns and ecological processes. The effect of spatial configurations on ecological processes is fundamental. When human activity is an important variable affecting those relationships, landscape ecology includes it. Spatial and temporal scales are as large as needed for comprehension of system processes and the mosaic included may be very heterogeneous. Intellec tual utility and applicability of results are valued equally. The Inter national Association for Landscape Ecology sponsors this series of studies in order to introduce and disseminate some of the new knowledge that is being produced by this exciting new environmental science. Gray Merriam Ottawa, Canada Foreword This is a book about real nature, or as close to real as we know - a nature of heterogeneous landscapes, wild and humanized, fine-grained and coarse-grained, wet and dry, hilly and flat, temperate and not so temper ate. Real nature is never uniform. At whatever spatial scale we examine nature, we encounter patchiness. If we were to look down from high above at a landscape of millions of hectares, using a zoom lens to move in and out from broad overview to detailed inspection of a square meter we would see that patterns visible at different scales overlay one another."

In conjunction with the Twelfth International Congress of Gerontology, the Carl-Korth Institute for Cardiovascular Research organized an international symposium on "Beta Blockers in the Elderly." It was the intention of the Scientific Committee that during this symposium we would discuss the specific problems and therapeutic implications arising when elderly people have to be treated with beta-blocking agents. Special emphasis was placed on the side effects and the age dependent features of beta-blocker therapy. Beta-blockers have become established in the treatment of both cardiovascular diseases and neuropsychiatric disorders. Their effectiveness in patients suffering from coronary heart disease, hypertension, and hyperkinetic cardiac syndromes has long been proven. The development of new, selectively active beta-blockers has substantially reduced the number of possible side effects, thus enhancing therapeutic safety. Because side effects cannot be eliminated, however, beta blockers have been introduced only hesitantly into treatment of the elderly. This book is the first wide-ranging survey of the use of beta blockers in elderly patients. The articles contained herei- written by pharmacologists, cardiologists, sports physicians, neurologists, psychiatrists, and ophthalmologists - show that advanced age alone does not contraindicate the use of beta-blockers and sympatholytic substances. Also provided are guidelines for examination and determination of in dications in the elderly. Both the symposium and the publication of this volume have been kindly supported by Astra Chemicals, West Germany.