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On May 13-15, 1982, some 50 scientists and scholars - physicians,
philos ophers and social scientists - convened at Hasselby Castle
in Stockholm for the first Nordic Symposium on the Philosophy of
Medicine. The topics for the symposium included (1) the concepts of
health and disease, (2) classification in medicine, and (3)
causality and causal explanations in medicine. The majority of the
participants were Scandinavian but the symposium was also able to
welcome four distinguished guests from other parts of the world,
Professors Stuart F. Spicker and H. Tristram Engelhardt, Jr.,
U.S.A., Dr Anne M. Fagot, France, and Dr Werner Morbach, West
Germany. The latter represented Professor Kazem Sadegh-zadeh, who
unfortunately was prevented from attending. One of the main
purposes of this symposium was to bring together people in
Scandinavia who at present work within the field of Philosophy of
Medi cine. This group is still relatively small but is growing
rapidly, and the scholarly activity has recently been notable. This
fact is clearly demonstrated by the presentation of 'Philosophy of
Medicine in Scandinavia' in the Appendix of this volume."
Questions concerning the notion of quality of life, its definition,
and its ap plications for purposes of assessment and measurement in
social and medical contexts, have been widely discussed in
Scandinavia during the last ten years. To a great extent this
discussion mirrors the international develop ment in the area.
Several methods for the assessment and measurement of quality of
life have been borrowed from the UK and the US and then further
developed in northern Europe. But there has also been an internal
develop ment. This holds in particular for the social arena, where
Scandinavia has had a special tradition both in theory and
practice. In this volume an attempt is made to illustrate some
aspects of the philo sophical, and in general theoretical,
discussion concerning quality of life in Scandinavia. In addition,
some prominent scholars from other parts of Europe, i. e., France,
the Netherlands, the UK and Italy, have been invited to contribute.
The volume is divided into three sections. The first contains
philosophical analyses of the general notion of quality of life and
proposes a number of different explications. The second section
considers various ap plications of the notion of quality of life in
health care. The papers serve to disentangle some intellectual and
ethical problems that stem from these ap plications. The third
section is more practical and focuses on methods of measuring
quality of life in medicine and health care."
This book is a contribution to the general philosophy of action
and the philosophy of welfare. The author makes separate analyses
of concepts such as action, ability, interaction,
action-explanation, happiness, health, illness and disability. At
the same time he explores and substantiates the idea of a strong
interdependence between the concept of action and some of the
central concepts of welfare, in particular health and illness and
related concepts.
On May 13-15, 1982, some 50 scientists and scholars - physicians,
philos ophers and social scientists - convened at Hasselby Castle
in Stockholm for the first Nordic Symposium on the Philosophy of
Medicine. The topics for the symposium included (1) the concepts of
health and disease, (2) classification in medicine, and (3)
causality and causal explanations in medicine. The majority of the
participants were Scandinavian but the symposium was also able to
welcome four distinguished guests from other parts of the world,
Professors Stuart F. Spicker and H. Tristram Engelhardt, Jr.,
U.S.A., Dr Anne M. Fagot, France, and Dr Werner Morbach, West
Germany. The latter represented Professor Kazem Sadegh-zadeh, who
unfortunately was prevented from attending. One of the main
purposes of this symposium was to bring together people in
Scandinavia who at present work within the field of Philosophy of
Medi cine. This group is still relatively small but is growing
rapidly, and the scholarly activity has recently been notable. This
fact is clearly demonstrated by the presentation of 'Philosophy of
Medicine in Scandinavia' in the Appendix of this volume."
This book is a part of the ongoing enterprise to understand the
nature of human health and illness. This enterprise has expanded
dramatically during the last decades. A great number of articles,
as weIl as a fair number of monographs, on this topic have been
published by renowned international publishers. In this discussion
most participants share the idea that health is a partially
normative concept, Le. that health is not a phe nomenon which can
be wholly characterised in biological (or otherwise descriptive)
terms. To ascribe health to a person is eo ipso, according to this
line of thought, to as cribe a positively evaluated property to
this person. Moreover, most debators share the idea that health is
a holistic property, belonging to the person as a whole, whereas
dis eases, injuries and defects are entities (or properties of
entities) which can be very lim ited and and normally affect only a
part of the individual. My own monograph belongs to this tradition.
A feature of my position, which is not universally acknowledged in
riyal theories, however, is my emphasis on the notion of ability as
a fundament in the theory of health. In my formal characterisation
of health I view it as astate of a person which is such that the
person has the ability to fulfi1 his or her vital goals."
Questions concerning the notion of quality of life, its definition,
and its ap plications for purposes of assessment and measurement in
social and medical contexts, have been widely discussed in
Scandinavia during the last ten years. To a great extent this
discussion mirrors the international develop ment in the area.
Several methods for the assessment and measurement of quality of
life have been borrowed from the UK and the US and then further
developed in northern Europe. But there has also been an internal
develop ment. This holds in particular for the social arena, where
Scandinavia has had a special tradition both in theory and
practice. In this volume an attempt is made to illustrate some
aspects of the philo sophical, and in general theoretical,
discussion concerning quality of life in Scandinavia. In addition,
some prominent scholars from other parts of Europe, i. e., France,
the Netherlands, the UK and Italy, have been invited to contribute.
The volume is divided into three sections. The first contains
philosophical analyses of the general notion of quality of life and
proposes a number of different explications. The second section
considers various ap plications of the notion of quality of life in
health care. The papers serve to disentangle some intellectual and
ethical problems that stem from these ap plications. The third
section is more practical and focuses on methods of measuring
quality of life in medicine and health care."
GENERAL INTRODUCTION This study of the concept of health is an
attempt to combine central ideas in modern philosophy of medicine
with certain results from analytical action theory. What emerges
from the study is a concept 'of health based on an action-theoretic
foundation. A person's health is characterized as his ability to
achieve his vital goals. The general conception is not new. This
study has been inspired by a number of scholars, both ancient and
modern. The most important influences from the latter have been
those of Georges Canguilhem, H. Tristram Engelhardt Jr., Caroline
Whitbeck and Ingmar Porn. The novel aspect of this book consists of
elaborations made to the general conception. First, the
action-theoretic platform is analysed in some detail. The nature of
the ability involved, as well as the conditions for having that
ability, are specified. Second, the vital goals of man are given
considerable attention. Some previous attempts to define such vital
goals are analysed and criticized. A new characterization is
proposed, in which the vital goals are conceptually linked to the
notion of happiness. A person's vital goals are such states of
affairs as are necessary and together sufficient for his minimal
happiness. Third, a number of consequences of this con ception are
observed and analysed. One issue which is particularly empha sized
is that of whether the concept of health is a theoretical or a
normative concept."
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