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I will plant in the wilderness the cedar the acacia-tree and the
myrtle and the oil-tree; I will set in the desert the cypress, the
plane-tree and the larch together; That they may see, and know and
consider and understand together, That the hand of the Lord hath
done this, *** Isaiah, 41:19 and 20 (first portion) The need to
improve our utilization of the Earth's natural resources is
everyone's business, from every country. This book presents papers
from all parts of the world on the subject of making new or
improved polymers from renewable resources, be they plastics,
elastomers, fibers, coatings, or adhesives. In important ways, this
book constitutes part II of an edited work published by Plenum
Press in 1983, "Polymer Applications of Renewable-Resource
Materials. " To that extent, about half of the authors are the
same. However, their papers present an update of their research
three years later. The other half of the authors are entirely new.
Bo~h of these books grew out of symposia sponsored by the Polymeric
Materials: Science and Engineering Division of the American
Chemical Society. The papers for the present book are based loosely
on a symposium held at the Miami Beach meeting in April, 1985.
Unfortunately, interest in polymers from renewable resources
fluctuates with the price and availability of petroleum oil. At the
time of writing this preface, the price is low, and appears to be
headed lower still.
For there is hope of a tree, If it be cut down, That it will sprout
again And that the tender branch Thereof will not cease. Job XIV
(7) Mankind has been blessed with a multitude of resources. In the
beginning he utilized almost soley replenishable items such as
vegetation and animal protein, for both nourishment and shelter.
Gradually, such metals as copper and iron were developed and
replaced wood as a material of construction. Cement and glass,
although more plentiful than other minerals, also replaced the use
of growing sub stances. Coal and oil became the primary sources of
heat and power. Closer to the focus of this book, petroleum
products began to replace the vegetable oils, tannin, wool, cotton,
leather, silk, rubber, etc. in a host of applications. Surely, it
was argued, the new materials did the job better and cheaper. What
they didn't say is that soon we would run out of oil. In any case,
research on growing natural products, now called renewable
resources, slowed, and these industries sought only to maintain
their status quo. The 20th Century saw an unprecedented emphasis
and dependence on nonrenewable resources as energy sources
(petroleum, coal, ura nium) and the fabric of technology (drugs,
clothing, shelter, tires, computer parts). The predawn of the 21st
Century brings a reali zation that a cyclic shift back towards the
use of renewable re sources for technological application is in
order."
To the surprise of practically no one, research and engineering on
multi polymer materials has steadily increased through the 1960s
and 1970s. More and more people are remarking that we are running
out of new monomers to polymerize, and that the improved polymers
of the future will depend heavily on synergistic combinations of
existing materials. In the era of the mid-1960s, three distinct
multipolymer combinations were recognized: polymer blends, grafts,
and blocks. Although inter penetrating polymer networks, lPNs, were
prepared very early in polymer history, and already named by Millar
in 1960, they played a relatively low-key role in polymer research
developments until the late 1960s and 1970s. I would prefer to
consider the IPNs as a subdivision of the graft copolymers. Yet the
unique topology of the IPNs imparts properties not easily
obtainable without the presence of crosslinking. One of the
objectives of this book is to point out the wealth of work done on
IPNs or closely related materials. Since many papers and patents
actually concerned with IPNs are not so designated, this literature
is significantly larger than first imagined. It may also be that
many authors will meet each other for the first time on these pages
and realize that they are working on a common topology. The number
of applications suggested in the patent literature is large and
growing. Included are impact-resistant plastics, ion exchange
resins, noise-damping materials, a type of thermoplastic elastomer,
and many more."
In August, 1996, the ACS Division of Polymeric Materials: Science
and Engineering hosted a symposium on Interfacial Aspects of
Multicomponent Polymer Materials at the Orlando, Florida, American
Chemical Society meeting. Over 50 papers and posters were
presented. The symposium proper was preceded by a one-day workshop,
where the. basics of this relatively new field were developed. This
edited book is a direct outcome of the symposium and workshop.
Every object in the universe has surfaces and interfaces. A surface
is defined as that part of a material in contact with either a gas
or a vacuum. An interface is defined as that part of a material in
contact with a condensed phase, be it liquid or solid. Surfaces of
any substance are different from their interior. The appearance of
surface or interfacial tension is one simple manifestation. Polymer
blends and composites usually contain very finely divided phases,
which are literally full of interfaces. Because interfaces are
frequently weak mechanically, they pose special problems in the
manufacture of strong, tough plastics, adhesives, elastomers,
coatings, and fibers. This book provides a series of papers
addressing this issue. Some papers delineate the nature of the
interface both chemically and physically. The use of newer
instrumental methods and new theories are described. Concepts of
interdiffusion and entanglement are developed. Other papers
describe state-of-the-art approaches to improving the interface,
via graft and block copolymers, direct covalent bonding, hydrogen
bonding, and more.
In August, 1996, the ACS Division of Polymeric Materials: Science
and Engineering hosted a symposium on Interfacial Aspects of
Multicomponent Polymer Materials at the Orlando, Florida, American
Chemical Society meeting. Over 50 papers and posters were
presented. The symposium proper was preceded by a one-day workshop,
where the. basics of this relatively new field were developed. This
edited book is a direct outcome of the symposium and workshop.
Every object in the universe has surfaces and interfaces. A surface
is defined as that part of a material in contact with either a gas
or a vacuum. An interface is defined as that part of a material in
contact with a condensed phase, be it liquid or solid. Surfaces of
any substance are different from their interior. The appearance of
surface or interfacial tension is one simple manifestation. Polymer
blends and composites usually contain very finely divided phases,
which are literally full of interfaces. Because interfaces are
frequently weak mechanically, they pose special problems in the
manufacture of strong, tough plastics, adhesives, elastomers,
coatings, and fibers. This book provides a series of papers
addressing this issue. Some papers delineate the nature of the
interface both chemically and physically. The use of newer
instrumental methods and new theories are described. Concepts of
interdiffusion and entanglement are developed. Other papers
describe state-of-the-art approaches to improving the interface,
via graft and block copolymers, direct covalent bonding, hydrogen
bonding, and more.
An Updated Edition of the Classic Text
Polymers constitute the basis for the plastics, rubber, adhesives,
fiber, and coating industries. The Fourth Edition of Introduction
to Physical Polymer Science acknowledges the industrial success of
polymers and the advancements made in the field while continuing to
deliver the comprehensive introduction to polymer science that made
its predecessors classic texts.
The Fourth Edition continues its coverage of amorphous and
crystalline materials, glass transitions, rubber elasticity, and
mechanical behavior, and offers updated discussions of polymer
blends, composites, and interfaces, as well as such basics as
molecular weight determination. Thus, interrelationships among
molecular structure, morphology, and mechanical behavior of
polymers continue to provide much of the value of the book.
Newly introduced topics include:
* Nanocomposites, including carbon nanotubes and exfoliated
montmorillonite clays
* The structure, motions, and functions of DNA and proteins, as
well as the interfaces of polymeric biomaterials with living
organisms
* The glass transition behavior of nano-thin plastic films
In addition, new sections have been included on fire retardancy,
friction and wear, optical tweezers, and more.
Introduction to Physical Polymer Science, Fourth Edition provides
both an essential introduction to the field as well as an entry
point to the latest research and developments in polymer science
and engineering, making it an indispensable text for chemistry,
chemical engineering, materials science and engineering, and
polymer science and engineering students and professionals.
Odian's Principles of Polymerization:
The new edition of this classic textbook describes the physical and
organic chemistry of the reactions that produce polymers. Three
primary features distinguish this book from the competition: 1)
each topic is prefaced with a thorough discussion at the elementary
level, assuming at most only a limited background in physical and
organic chemistry. 2) the presentation and writing are geared for
the student. 3) each topic is subsequently considered at an
advanced level, allowing both the novice and more accomplished
student to achieve an advanced understanding of polymer synthesis.
Sperling's Introduction to Physical Polymer Science:
This classic textbook provides a thorough introduction to the area
of physical polymer science, emphasizing interrelationships between
molecular structure and the morphology and mechanical behavior of
polymers. New to the fourth edition are sections on: controlled
drug delivery with biopharmaceutical polymers, nanotechnology-based
materials, the 3D structure and function of biopolymers (as well as
the use of optical tweezers), friction and wear in polymers,
kinetics of crystallization, mechanical behavior of biomedical
polymers, glass transition behavior of thin films, light-emitting
polymers and electroactive materials, fire retardancy, interfaces
of polymeric biomaterials with living organisms, polymer
self-assembly, and much more.
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