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Purpose ofthe Workshop In the spirit of enhancing developments in
science and technology by facilitating international scientific
cooperation, the Science Committee of NATO is sponsoring AR W's in
several selected priority areas. The objective of this workshop was
to discuss what microbial mediated problems have been experienced
in the area of nuclear waste management and spent fuel storage.
Long term storage of high-level wastes in repositories is just
starting in some countries. However, low and medium level wastes
have been stored for several decades. In the area of spent fuel
interim, storage has been extended at many locations far beyond the
intended time. It was a priority of the workshop to examine and
discuss what deleterious effects have been observed under these
storage conditions or under conditions used in simulated trial
tests for predicting material performance under the storage
conditions. For example, one chronic problem that was discussed was
possibility that microbial influenced corrosion (MIC) could be
taking place in the wet storage of spent fuel thereby initiating or
accelerating the process of corrosion. Another discussion in the
area of waste forms, focused on the presence ofbiofilms which may
be breaking down the structure of the waste form and thereby
jeopardizing its integrity. The meeting focused on discussing the
observations and data collected relating to problems encountered in
the storage of these types of wastes, and sharing this information
with others that have not monitored their facilities for similar
problems.
The development, production, stockpiling and use in war of
biological and toxin weapons are prohibited by international law.
Although not explicitly stated, the two treaties outlawing such
activities, the Geneva Protocol of 1925 and the Biological and
Toxin Weapons Convention of 1972, prohibit the continuation of
activities previously performed in Biological and Toxin Weapons
facilities not justified for prophylactic, protective or other
peaceful purposes. Because conversion and other means of cessation
of former BTW facilities are not explicitly addressed in the
treaties mentioned above the problems involved in conversion ofBTW
facilities have thus far only been discussed marginally in the open
literature. In times of increased awareness of the danger of
biological and toxin warfare (including the increased danger of
terrorist use of biological and toxin weapons) it seemed necessary
to us to invite experts from different parts of the world to
discuss the pros and cons of conversion and the problems involved.
It also became obvious to us that the conversion of former BTW
facilities should be discussed with respect to the necessity of
peaceful internatioual cooperation in areas related to the
Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention. An additional reason to
discuss matters of peaceful cooperation is that cooperation is
explictly requested by Article X of the Biological and Toxin
Weapons Convention.
The development, production, stockpiling and use in war of
biological and toxin weapons are prohibited by international law.
Although not explicitly stated, the two treaties outlawing such
activities, the Geneva Protocol of 1925 and the Biological and
Toxin Weapons Convention of 1972, prohibit the continuation of
activities previously performed in Biological and Toxin Weapons
facilities not justified for prophylactic, protective or other
peaceful purposes. Because conversion and other means of cessation
of former BTW facilities are not explicitly addressed in the
treaties mentioned above the problems involved in conversion ofBTW
facilities have thus far only been discussed marginally in the open
literature. In times of increased awareness of the danger of
biological and toxin warfare (including the increased danger of
terrorist use of biological and toxin weapons) it seemed necessary
to us to invite experts from different parts of the world to
discuss the pros and cons of conversion and the problems involved.
It also became obvious to us that the conversion of former BTW
facilities should be discussed with respect to the necessity of
peaceful internatioual cooperation in areas related to the
Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention. An additional reason to
discuss matters of peaceful cooperation is that cooperation is
explictly requested by Article X of the Biological and Toxin
Weapons Convention.
Purpose ofthe Workshop In the spirit of enhancing developments in
science and technology by facilitating international scientific
cooperation, the Science Committee of NATO is sponsoring AR W's in
several selected priority areas. The objective of this workshop was
to discuss what microbial mediated problems have been experienced
in the area of nuclear waste management and spent fuel storage.
Long term storage of high-level wastes in repositories is just
starting in some countries. However, low and medium level wastes
have been stored for several decades. In the area of spent fuel
interim, storage has been extended at many locations far beyond the
intended time. It was a priority of the workshop to examine and
discuss what deleterious effects have been observed under these
storage conditions or under conditions used in simulated trial
tests for predicting material performance under the storage
conditions. For example, one chronic problem that was discussed was
possibility that microbial influenced corrosion (MIC) could be
taking place in the wet storage of spent fuel thereby initiating or
accelerating the process of corrosion. Another discussion in the
area of waste forms, focused on the presence ofbiofilms which may
be breaking down the structure of the waste form and thereby
jeopardizing its integrity. The meeting focused on discussing the
observations and data collected relating to problems encountered in
the storage of these types of wastes, and sharing this information
with others that have not monitored their facilities for similar
problems.
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