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Kissinger's dual-purpose instrument of the US-China and US-Soviet
detente was devised to achieve a stable balance of power in the
contemporary world in the second half of the 1960s. Stimulated by
both Kissinger's doctrine and the historical novel, the Romance of
the Three Kingdoms, Mao's global order of tripolarity was created
to feature the new US-China relations in the early 1970s with his
initiative of the ping-pong diplomacy through this Kissinger-Mao
axis. This made his quest for a modernization revolution possible
with the Western market oriented approach. Strengthening Mao's
modernization program, Xiaoping's "good-neighborhood" policy was
designed to induce the world to help modernize China. Vitally
including Russia with the collapse of the Soviet Union, Deng's
policy helped maintain a peaceful and stable international
environment, though it also marked the end of Mao's global order.
Perceiving the PRC's rise as a threat to its dominance in the Asia
Pacific region, the US containment effort was enhanced with
US-Japanese collusion and siding with the Philippines and Vietnam
in relevant maritime disputes with the PRC. The US united with the
Republic of Korea, nations in Southeast Asia, and Australia in
establishing a wide-range alliance to go against the "China
threat." The post-Cold War, eastward expansion of the US-led NATO
and the Russian determination to be a great power again,
contributed to tension with the United States. The Russian desire
to maintain its nuclear deterrent capability was at odds with the
US missile defense plans. Thus, the US deployment of its missile
shield in Eastern Europe as part of its strategic configuration in
Alaska and the Far East was to contain Russia from both the Far
East and Europe.
This book examines the impact of classical Chinese literature on
Mao Zedong's political rhetoric and his vision of a tripolar
geopolitical landscape at the peak of the Cold War. The historical
novel The Romance of the Three Kingdoms, in which two weaker
sovereign powers (Shu and Wu) collude to defend themselves against
the dominance of another power (Wei), is here identified as a
particular inspiration for Mao in building a Sino-Soviet alliance
in opposition to the powerful United States. This classical Chinese
text provided Mao with a framework for understanding the complexity
of global politics, establishing a balance with the two
superpowers, and gaining diplomatic autonomy in China's
development. This study traces Mao's use of a tripolar policy
throughout his leadership, including the role of the Korean War in
isolating China, the influence of Sino-US hostility on Mao's
Cultural Revolution in the 1960s, and the initiation of 'ping-pong
diplomacy' with the United States to counteract the Soviet threat.
The author offers an original insight into Mao's navigation of US
and Soviet pressures while promoting socialist modernization in
China.
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