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Essays that generate a new, empirically grounded theory of
transnational advocacy Margaret E. Keck and Kathryn Sikkink
introduced the boomerang theory in their 1998 book, Activists
beyond Borders: Advocacy Networks in International Politics. It
remains one of the first broadly applicable theories for why groups
of NGOs and interested individuals form transnational advocacy
networks. Since its publication, however, the empirical conditions
that prompted their theory have changed. The types of actors
involved in transnational advocacy have diversified. Northern NGOs
have lost power and influence and have been restricted in their
access to southern states. Southern NGOs have developed the
capacity to undertake advocacy on their own and often built closer
relationships with their own governments. The architecture of
global governance has likewise changed, providing new avenues of
access and influence for southern voices. In Beyond the Boomerang:
From Transnational Advocacy Networks to Transcalar Advocacy in
International Politics, editors Christopher L. Pallas and Elizabeth
A. Bloodgood offer cutting-edge scholarship that synthesizes a new
theoretical framework to develop a coherent, integrated picture of
the current dynamics in global advocacy. This new theory of
transcalar advocacy focuses on advocacy activities and policy
impacts that transcend different levels or scales of political
action. In transcalar advocacy, all NGOs-northern and southern-are
treated as strategic actors, choosing the targets, scales of
advocacy, and partnerships that best suit their capacities and
goals. The case studies in the volume develop the empirical
grounding of this theory using data from Latin America, Africa,
Europe, and Asia, with several chapters featuring cross-national
comparison. The chapters highlight the wide variety of actors
involved in advocacy work, including NGOs, social movements,
international institutions, governments, and businesses.
Contributors use both qualitative and quantitative methodologies
and bring to bear insights from political science, international
relations, and sociology. The case studies also include diverse
issue areas, from women's rights to environmental protection,
sustainable agriculture, health policy, and democracy promotion.
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