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Lance Rips describes a unified theory of natural deductive
reasoning and fashions a working model of deduction, with strong
experimental support, that is capable of playing a central role in
mental life. In this provocative book, Lance Rips describes a
unified theory of natural deductive reasoning and fashions a
working model of deduction, with strong experimental support, that
is capable of playing a central role in mental life. Rips argues
that certain inference principles are so central to our notion of
intelligence and rationality that they deserve serious
psychological investigation to determine their role in individuals'
beliefs and conjectures. Asserting that cognitive scientists should
consider deductive reasoning as a basis for thinking, Rips develops
a theory of natural reasoning abilities and shows how it predicts
mental successes and failures in a range of cognitive tasks. In
parts I and II of the book, Rips builds insights from cognitive
psychology, logic, and artificial intelligence into a unified
theoretical structure. He defends the idea that deduction depends
on the ability to construct mental proofs-actual memory units that
link given information to conclusions it warrants. From this base
Rips develops a computational model of deduction based on two
cognitive skills: the ability to make suppositions or assumptions
and the ability to posit sub-goals for conclusions. A wide variety
of original experiments support this model, including studies of
human subjects evaluating logical arguments as well as following
and remembering proofs. Unlike previous theories of mental proof,
this one handles names and variables in a general way. This
capability enables deduction to play a crucial role in other
thought processes, such as classifying and problem solving. In part
III, Rips compares the theory to earlier approaches in psychology
which confined the study of deduction to a small group of tasks,
and examines whether the theory is too rational or too irrational
in its mode of thought.
This interdisciplinary work is a collection of major essays on
reasoning: deductive, inductive, abductive, belief revision,
defeasible (non-monotonic), cross cultural, conversational, and
argumentative. They are each oriented toward contemporary empirical
studies. The book focuses on foundational issues, including
paradoxes, fallacies, and debates about the nature of rationality,
the traditional modes of reasoning, as well as counterfactual and
causal reasoning. It also includes chapters on the interface
between reasoning and other forms of thought. In general, this last
set of essays represents growth points in reasoning research,
drawing connections to pragmatics, cross-cultural studies, emotion
and evolution.
This interdisciplinary work is a collection of major essays on
reasoning: deductive, inductive, abductive, belief revision,
defeasible (non-monotonic), cross cultural, conversational, and
argumentative. They are each oriented toward contemporary empirical
studies. The book focuses on foundational issues, including
paradoxes, fallacies, and debates about the nature of rationality,
the traditional modes of reasoning, as well as counterfactual and
causal reasoning. It also includes chapters on the interface
between reasoning and other forms of thought. In general, this last
set of essays represents growth points in reasoning research,
drawing connections to pragmatics, cross-cultural studies, emotion
and evolution.
Drawing on classic and modern research from cognitive psychology, social psychology, and survey methodology, this book examines the psychological roots of survey data, how survey responses are formulated, and how seemingly unimportant features of the survey can affect the answers obtained. Topics include the comprehension of survey questions, the recall of relevant facts and beliefs, estimation and inferential processes people use to answer survey questions, the sources of the apparent instability of public opinion, the difficulties in getting responses into the required format, and distortions introduced into surveys by deliberate misreporting.
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