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The almost irresistible beauty of string theory has seduced many
theoretical physicists in recent years. Even hardened men have been
swept away by what they can already see and by the promise of even
more. It would appear fair to say that it is not yet clear what
form the theory will finally take and in what precise way it will
relate to the physical world. However, it would seem equally fair
to state that, most likely, strings are here to stay and will playa
profound and central role in our conception of the universe. There
is therefore a pressing need to provide both practicing physicists
and advanced students with ways to master quickly, but soundly, the
basic principles of the theory. The present volume is a step in
that direction. It contains a lucid presentation of the basic
principles of string theory in forms which may survive future
developments. The book is an outgrowth of lectures given by Lars
Brink and Marc Henneaux at the Centro de Estudios Cientificos de
Santiago. The lectures covered in a self-contained manner different
but complementary aspects of the foundations of string theory.
This special volume is dedicated to Geoffrey Chew who passed away
on April 12, 2019, at age 94. He is best known as the architect and
passionate champion of the bootstrap concept, sometimes called
nuclear democracy. His work influenced generations of particle
physicists. His passion for physics was an inspiration for his many
students and associates. From the Chew-Low theory for meson-nucleon
scattering to Analytic S-Matrix, Regge Poles, and Bootstrap
principle, his originality left its mark in ways that continue to
the present. With contributions from Chew's former collaborators,
students, and friends, the book will cover various facets of his
life and impact on physics.Contributors include Steven Weinberg,
Steven Frautschi, Gabriele Veneziano, Peter Landshoff, Carl
Rosenzweig, Basarab Nicolescu, William Frazer, David Gross, John
Schwartz, Ling-Lie Chau, Chung-I Tan, Richard Brower, Carleton
DeTar, R Shankar, David Kaiser, Fritjof Capra, and others.
It is believed that the major countries of the former Soviet
Union-specifically Kazakhstan, Russia, and Ukraine (KRU region)-are
the part of the world with the most potential to increase food
supplies and strengthen world food security. This book examines the
future of the KRU countries in global agricultural markets and will
examine a number of agricultural sectors, including meat, dairy,
fruits, and vegetables. However particular attention is paid to the
region's potential expansion of the grain sector and why the KRU
region emerged during the 2000s as a major grain exporter, and its
potential to further expand grain production and exports. It also
examine the issues of environmental constraints and trade-offs for
agriculture, sustainability, and the possible effects of climate
change
The WTO Agreement on Agriculture subjects different groups of
developed and developing countries to different limits on domestic
support and allows various exemptions from these limits. Offering a
comprehensive assessment of the Agreement's rules and
implementation, this book develops guidance toward socially
desirable support policies. Although dispute settlement has
clarified interpretation of the Agriculture and SCM Agreements,
gaps remain between the legal disciplines and the economic effects
of support. Considering the Agriculture Agreement also in the
context of today's priorities of sustainability and climate change
mitigation, Lars Brink and David Orden build a strategy that aligns
the rules and members' commitments with the economic impacts of
agricultural support measures. While providing in-depth analysis of
the existing rules, their shortcomings and the limited scope of
ongoing negotiations, the authors take a long-term view, where
policies directed toward evolving priorities in agriculture are
compatible with strengthened rules that reduce trade and production
distortions.
Vadim Knizhnik was one of the most promising theoretical physicists
in the world. Unfortunately, he passed away at the very young age
of 25 years. This memorial volume is to honor his contributions in
Theoretical Physics. This is perhaps one of the most important
collections of articles on the theoretical developments in String
Theory, Conformal Field Theory and related topics. It consists of
contributions from world-renowned physicists who have met Vadim
Knizhnik personally and whom the late Knizhnik really respected.
The contributions are systematic and pedagogical in format.
Vadim Knizhnik was one of the most promising theoretical physicists
in the world. Unfortunately, he passed away at the very young age
of 25 years. This memorial volume is to honor his contributions in
Theoretical Physics. This is perhaps one of the most important
collections of articles on the theoretical developments in String
Theory, Conformal Field Theory and related topics. It consists of
contributions from world-renowned physicists who have met Vadim
Knizhnik personally and whom the late Knizhnik really respected.
The contributions are systematic and pedagogical in format.
Jacob Bekenstein, an Israeli physicist of the Hebrew University,
Jerusalem, planted the seeds of a revolution of our understanding
of space-time. Using conservative intuitive methods including
time-old gedanken experiments, he discovered that black holes have
thermodynamical properties such as entropy.Moreover, he found that
their entropy was not extensive, unlike that of any other
thermodynamical system considered before, but rather is
proportional to the surface of their horizon. Furthermore,
Bekenstein pioneered the study of black holes by focusing on their
information content aspects. This led him to obtain bounds of a
holographic nature on the amount of information that can be stored
in a given region of space-time.This book contains a series of
scientific and personal contributions by his contemporaries who
recall the struggle against his ideas and then with them: the fate
accompanying many revolutionary ideas. This is followed by original
scientific contributions by many of the leaders of current research
on black hole physics and holography. They have trodden his path
and expanded it. The impact of Jacob Bekenstein's visionary ideas
is just starting to be understood.
Geometry and topology have been a fascination in physics since the
start of the 20th century. A leading example is Einstein's
geometrical theory of gravity. At the beginning of the 1970s,
topological ideas entered areas of condensed matter physics. These
advances were driven by new seminal ideas resolving a serious
contradiction between experiment and the standard interpretation of
a rigorous mathematical theorem which led to the study of new
exotic topological phases of matter. Topological defect driven
phase transitions in thin, two dimensional films of superfluids,
superconductors and crystals have provided great insight into the
mechanism governing these topological phases present in those
physical systems. Moreover, many of these topological properties
remain 'protected' against disorder and topological distortion
perturbations. An example of possible applications of such
robustness to perturbations is in the search for encoding
information in quantum computers, potentially providing the
platform for fault-tolerant quantum computations.In the past four
decades, the discovery of topological phases engendered great
interest in condensed matter physics. It also attracted the
attention of researchers working on quantum information, quantum
materials and simulations, high energy physics and string theory.
This unique volume contains articles written by some of the most
prominent names in the field, including Nobel Laureate John Michael
Kosterlitz and Professor Jorge V Jose. They originate from talks
and discussions by leading experts at a recent workshop. They
review previous works as well as addressing contemporary
developments in the most pressing and important issues on various
aspects of topological phases and topological phase transitions.
Stanley Mandelstam (1928-2016) was one of the most influential and
respected particle theorists. Coming as a young chemical engineer
from South Africa to study theoretical physics in England, he
quickly became a leading physicist in his field. With his deep
understanding of quantum field theory, he pioneered the development
of the analytic S-matrix theory as well as the path-dependent
formulations for quantum gauge theories and for quantum general
relativity. They are being actively used for the electroweak theory
and having their imprints in lattice gauge theory and loop quantum
gravity. Also he elucidated the mechanisms for quark confinement in
quantum chromodynamics, constructed non-perturbative bosonization
methods in 1+1 dimensions, and proved the perturbative finiteness
and =0 of N=4 supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory. His work also led
to the discovery of dual resonance models, which in turn became
superstring theory. He was a leader in these developments, devoting
much of his later years to the proof that the theory is
perturbatively finite so it can be considered as a contender for
the theory of quantum gravity.He was also a very modest and
friendly man, impressing everyone with his sharp intellect as well
as his humanity. This volume contains essays written by many of his
friends and students, including both detailed reports on his
scientific achievements as well as personal reminiscences. Also
collected in the volume are some selected reprints of Mandelstam's
early seminal papers and abstracts of selected papers representing
the full spectrum of his contributions.
Stanley Mandelstam (1928-2016) was one of the most influential and
respected particle theorists. Coming as a young chemical engineer
from South Africa to study theoretical physics in England, he
quickly became a leading physicist in his field. With his deep
understanding of quantum field theory, he pioneered the development
of the analytic S-matrix theory as well as the path-dependent
formulations for quantum gauge theories and for quantum general
relativity. They are being actively used for the electroweak theory
and having their imprints in lattice gauge theory and loop quantum
gravity. Also he elucidated the mechanisms for quark confinement in
quantum chromodynamics, constructed non-perturbative bosonization
methods in 1+1 dimensions, and proved the perturbative finiteness
and =0 of N=4 supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory. His work also led
to the discovery of dual resonance models, which in turn became
superstring theory. He was a leader in these developments, devoting
much of his later years to the proof that the theory is
perturbatively finite so it can be considered as a contender for
the theory of quantum gravity.He was also a very modest and
friendly man, impressing everyone with his sharp intellect as well
as his humanity. This volume contains essays written by many of his
friends and students, including both detailed reports on his
scientific achievements as well as personal reminiscences. Also
collected in the volume are some selected reprints of Mandelstam's
early seminal papers and abstracts of selected papers representing
the full spectrum of his contributions.
'This book presents a timely set of academic and intellectual views
on SalamaEURO (TM)s scientific passion, contribution and
personality, and will be of great interest to academics in the
fields of particle physics, high energy physics and scientific
history of the developing world.'Contemporary PhysicsIn honor of
one of the most prolific and exciting scientists of the second half
of the last century, a memorial meeting was organized by the
Institute of Advanced Studies at Nanyang Technological University
for Professor Abdus Salam's 90th Birthday in January 2016.Salam
believed that 'scientific thought is the common heritage of all
mankind' and that the developing world should play its part, not
merely by importing technology but by being the arbiter of its own
scientific destiny. That belief saw him rise from humble beginnings
in a village in Pakistan to become one of the world's most original
and influential particle physicists, culminating in the 1979 Nobel
Prize (shared with Glashow and Weinberg) for contributions to
electroweak unification, which forms an integral part of the
Standard Model.The book collected the papers presented at this
memorable event which saw many distinguished scientists
participating as speakers to reflect on Prof Salam's great passion
for the science and achievements.
Symmetries play a fundamental role in physics. Non-Abelian gauge
symmetries are the symmetries behind theories for massless spin-1
particles, while the reparametrization symmetry is behind
Einstein's gravity theory for massless spin-2 particles. In
supersymmetric theories these particles can be connected also to
massless fermionic particles. Does Nature stop at spin-2 or can
there also be massless higher spin theories. In the past strong
indications have been given that such theories do not exist.
However, in recent times ways to evade those constraints have been
found and higher spin gauge theories have been constructed. With
the advent of the AdS/CFT duality correspondence even stronger
indications have been given that higher spin gauge theories play an
important role in fundamental physics.All these issues were
discussed at a recent international workshop in Singapore where the
leading scientists in the field participated. This volume presents
an up-to-date, detailed overview of the theories including its
historic background, as well as the latest accomplishments in
understanding the foundational properties of higher spin physics.
We have lost one of the giants of the twentieth century physics
when Yoichiro Nambu passed away in July, 2015, at the age of
94.Today's Standard Model, though still incomplete in many
respects, is the culmination of the most successful theory of the
Universe to date, and it is built upon foundations provided by
discoveries made by Nambu in the 1960s: the mechanism of
spontaneously broken symmetry in Nature (with G Jona-Lasinio) and
the hidden new SU(3) symmetry of quarks and gluons (with M-Y
Han).In this volume honoring Nambu's memory, World Scientific
Publishing presents a unique collection of papers written by his
former colleagues, collaborating researchers and former students
and associates, not only citing Nambu's great contributions in
physics but also many personal and private reminiscences, some
never told before. This volume also contains the very last
scientific writing by Professor Nambu himself, discussing the
development of particle physics.This book is a volume for all who
benefited not only from Nambu's contributions toward understanding
the Universe but also his warm and kind persona. It is a great
addition to the history of contemporary physics.
We have lost one of the giants of the twentieth century physics
when Yoichiro Nambu passed away in July, 2015, at the age of
94.Today's Standard Model, though still incomplete in many
respects, is the culmination of the most successful theory of the
Universe to date, and it is built upon foundations provided by
discoveries made by Nambu in the 1960s: the mechanism of
spontaneously broken symmetry in Nature (with G Jona-Lasinio) and
the hidden new SU(3) symmetry of quarks and gluons (with M-Y
Han).In this volume honoring Nambu's memory, World Scientific
Publishing presents a unique collection of papers written by his
former colleagues, collaborating researchers and former students
and associates, not only citing Nambu's great contributions in
physics but also many personal and private reminiscences, some
never told before. This volume also contains the very last
scientific writing by Professor Nambu himself, discussing the
development of particle physics.This book is a volume for all who
benefited not only from Nambu's contributions toward understanding
the Universe but also his warm and kind persona. It is a great
addition to the history of contemporary physics.
During the last six decades, Yang-Mills theory has increasingly
become the cornerstone of theoretical physics. It is seemingly the
only fully consistent relativistic quantum many-body theory in four
space-time dimensions. As such it is the underlying theoretical
framework for the Standard Model of Particle Physics, which has
been shown to be the correct theory at the energies we now can
measure. It has been investigated also from many other
perspectives, and many new and unexpected features have been
uncovered from this theory. In recent decades, apart from high
energy physics, the theory has been actively applied in other
branches of physics, such as statistical physics, condensed matter
physics, nonlinear systems, etc. This makes the theory an
indispensable topic for all who are involved in physics.The
conference celebrated the exceptional achievements using Yang-Mills
theory over the years but also many other truly remarkable
contributions to different branches of physics from Prof C N Yang.
This volume collects the invaluable talks by Prof C N Yang and the
invited speakers reviewing these remarkable contributions and their
importance for the future of physics.
During the last six decades, Yang-Mills theory has increasingly
become the cornerstone of theoretical physics. It is seemingly the
only fully consistent relativistic quantum many-body theory in four
space-time dimensions. As such it is the underlying theoretical
framework for the Standard Model of Particle Physics, which has
been shown to be the correct theory at the energies we now can
measure. It has been investigated also from many other
perspectives, and many new and unexpected features have been
uncovered from this theory. In recent decades, apart from high
energy physics, the theory has been actively applied in other
branches of physics, such as statistical physics, condensed matter
physics, nonlinear systems, etc. This makes the theory an
indispensable topic for all who are involved in physics.The
conference celebrated the exceptional achievements using Yang-Mills
theory over the years but also many other truly remarkable
contributions to different branches of physics from Prof C N Yang.
This volume collects the invaluable talks by Prof C N Yang and the
invited speakers reviewing these remarkable contributions and their
importance for the future of physics.
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